苹果汁加工和储藏中稳定性的研究

对苹果汁加工和储藏中稳定性的研究进行了综述.混浊苹果汁在加工和储藏过程中发生的非酶促褐变主要是由酚类的氧化聚合而引起,可通过低温储藏和添加0.006%Vc(W/V)加以控制.加胶或破碎时通蒸汽可改善苹果汁混浊稳定性.同时,对今后的研究重点进行了讨论.     

温度和糖度对橙汁热导率的影响

为了深入研究橙汁热导率的影响因素,采用微热探针法测试系统,对糖度为5%~66%(质量分数)的橙汁在温度0~50℃间的热导率进行了系统测试。结果表明,对于同一糖度的橙汁,其热导率与温度呈高度线性正相关,而在同一温度条件下,橙汁的热导率与其糖度呈高度线性负相关,由此得出橙汁热导率关于温度和糖度的预测模型,通过此模型可预测0~50℃条件下不同糖度橙汁的热导率值。可见,橙汁温度和糖度均是其热导率的影响因素。     

膜分离技术在番茄汁浓缩工艺中的应用

膜分离技术由于具有结构简单、操作容易、无需加热、能耗低、速度快等特点,使其正广泛地应用于食品工业领域.介绍了膜分离原理及特点,并对管式反渗透、离心分离与卷式反渗透、陶瓷微滤与卷式反渗透、直接渗透浓缩四种类型的膜分离技术的优缺点及其在番茄酱加工工艺中的应用和发展方向作了概述,以期为改进膜分离技术在番茄汁浓缩工艺中的应用找到新的途径.     

Toxoplasma gondii in Switzerland: a serosurvey based on meat juice analysis of slaughtered pigs, wild boar, sheep and cattle

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases worldwide and is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Besides vertical infection during pregnancy, humans can get infected post-natally either by peroral uptake of sporulated Toxoplasma oocysts or by ingestion of tissue cysts upon consumption of raw or undercooked meat. The aim of this study was to approximate the risk of human infection via meat consumption by estimating the seroprevalence of T. gondii in slaughtered animals in Switzerland and to compare data with prevalences assessed 10 years ago. The study included pigs, cattle, sheep and wild boar of different age groups and housing conditions whenever possible and applicable. A P-30-ELISA was used to detect T. gondii-specific antibodies and to determine seroprevalences in meat juice of slaughtered animals. A total of 270 domestic pigs (120 adults, 50 finishing, 100 free-ranging animals), 150 wild boars, 250 sheep (150 adults, 100 lambs) and 406 cattle (47 calves, 129 heifers, 100 bulls, 130 adult cows) were tested. Seropositivity increased with the age of the assessed animals. Independent of the age-group, the overall seroprevalence was lowest in wild boars (6.7%), followed by pigs (23.3%), cattle (45.6%) and sheep (61.6%), respectively. Conventional fattening pigs and free-ranging pigs surprisingly had comparable seroprevalences (14.0% and 13.0%, respectively). Unlike in other European countries, where generally a decrease in the number of seropositive animals had been observed, we found that the prevalence of seropositive animals, when compared with that of 10 years ago, had increased for most species/age groups. Conclusively, the results demonstrated a high seroprevalence of T. gondii in animals slaughtered for meat production and revealed that increasing age of the animals is a more important risk factor than housing conditions in Switzerland.     

响应面法优化枳椇果汁的制备工艺

以枳犋果柄为原料,通过单因素试验和响应面法,优化工艺条件,探讨枳椇果汁的生产工艺.结果表明:枳犋果汁提取的最佳工艺参数为水浴温度50℃、液固比10∶1、pH值2.5、浸提时间4h、果胶酶0.045 g/10g干果.以此工艺制备的枳椇果汁具有枳犋特有的果香,风味独特,味道酸甜可口.     

两种食用菌菌丝体对铁元素富集能力分析

以茶树菇和香菇为试验材料.在培养基中添加不同浓度的硫酸亚铁(FeSO<,4>·7H<,2>O)溶液,经液体摇床发酵后,测定菌丝体的产量(干质量)和铁含量.试验结果表明,一定浓度范围内,铁在香菇和茶树菇菌丝体中均有较强的富集能力,茶树菇的富铁效果优于香菇.其中以铁浓度为4.48 mg/L时茶树菇的富铁效果最佳,富铁率可达...     

固定化酵母粒子强化及其对甜高粱茎秆汁液乙醇发酵的影响

采用正交试验设计开展了三亚乙基四胺(TTA)和戊二醛(GLU)的浓度和处理时间对海藻酸钙固定化酵母粒子的化学强度影响的试验研究，并以甜高粱茎秆汁液为原料，在5 L的反应器中进行乙醇发酵试验，考察强化后的固定化酵母粒子对乙醇发酵的影响。结果表明，最优的固定酵母粒子强化处理的方案为：TTA浓度为0.5%，处理时间为120 min；GLU浓度为0.5%，处理时间为8 min。连续8批次的甜高粱茎秆汁液乙醇发酵试验结果表明，最优组合强化后固定化酵母粒子用于乙醇发酵时，平均乙醇得率和变异系数(CV%)分别为84.78%和8.08%，而未强化的固定化酵母籽子为84.32%和9.68%，可见，最优组合强化后的固定化酵母粒子的发酵性能略优于未强化的固定化酵母籽子。该文为固定化酵母发酵甜高粱茎秆汁液制取生物乙醇技术的研究提供了参考。     

玉米茎秆汁液对土壤的减水减沙效益及其机理

为研究土壤改良剂玉米茎秆汁液对中国西部地区水土流失的影响和机理,该文通过室内土壤理化性质测定和人工模拟降雨试验,研究了地表施加玉米茎秆汁液对土壤团聚体的平均重量直径、土壤有机质质量分数和土壤减水减沙效益的影响。试验以未施加任何玉米茎秆汁液的黄土坡面为对照,设计单位面积玉米茎秆汁液施加量1 041.7 mL/m2,施加汁液体积分数25%和50%,降雨强度为50 mm/h,研究玉米茎秆汁液施加对土壤减水减沙的影响。结果表明,玉米茎秆汁液的施加可以增加土壤有机质的含量,提高土壤团聚体的平均重量直径,降低产流产沙速率。对照、体积分数25%和50%汁液施加下的土壤团聚体平均重量直径分别为0.18、0.46和0.51 mm,土壤有机质质量分数分别为5.70%、6.75%和7.17%。较对照,体积分数25%和50%汁液施加下,土壤的减水效益分别为45.81%和48.34%,减沙效益分别为65.00%和75.47%。玉米茎秆汁液的减水减沙效益随时间的推移而降低,月均减水、减沙效益降低量约为1.25%和1.41%,研究中施加体积分数25%和50%汁液的土壤减水减沙效益约可持续3和4.5 a。综上,玉米茎秆汁液作为土壤改良剂在施加量为1 041.7 mL/m2时,茎秆汁液与水的体积比为1:1时,效果较好。该研究可以为将玉米茎秆汁液作为土壤改良剂用于土壤侵蚀的防治提供施放参考。     

Changes in ripening behavior of ‘d'Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) after cold storage

‘d'Anjou’ pear fruit, harvested at optimum maturity with flesh firmness of 6.8 kg, were stored at ?1.1°C. Fruit were ripened at 20°C for 15 days following storage for 1–8 months. Dessert qualities were evaluated organoleptically on Day 10 of each ripening period. Changes in fruit firmness, extractable juice, titratable acids, solubl solids, respiration, ethylene production and internal ethylene were determined daily during each ripening period. Fruit firmness declined continually from 6.8 kg at harvest to 4.5 kg after 8 months of storage. Fruit stored for 2–8 months softened with a similar pattern during a 15-day ripening period at 20°C, while fruit stored for 1 month softened at a slower rate during ripening to 3.2 kg, with a coarse and dry texture after 15 days at 20°C. Fruit stored for 2–4 months ripened with the desirable buttery and juicy texture, while those stored for more than 5 months ripened with a coarse or mealy and dry texture. The buttery and juicy texture was highly correlated with a lower extractable juice, which could be used for quantitative determination of storage life based on ripened fruit quality. Changes in titratable acids and soluble solids during each ripening period were not associated with changes in dessert qualities of the ripened pears. Rates of respiration, ethylene production and internal ethylene during ripening at 20°C varied with duration of storage, but were not associated with changes in dessert qualities of the ripened fruit.