加强地市级农科院所科研管理工作的思考

文章针对当前我国农业发展的大环境,深入分析了地市级农科院所科研管理工作中存在的问题,提出了提高管理人员综合素质、强化科技人员培训、提升科技服务质量、完善科研创新激励机制、加强部门信息共享等农业科研单位在新时期把握机遇、创新机制的措施和建议。     

生活垃圾和污泥对土壤肥力及油菜生长的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同用量垃圾和污泥对土壤养分和油菜生长的影响。结果表明:施用3%、5%、8%的污泥和6%、8%、10%的垃圾,土壤有机质和速效N、P、K都显著高于对照,且随着用量的增大,效果增加。施用垃圾和污泥处理的油菜显著地比对照、施化肥处理生长旺盛,叶片大而绿,产量增加。测定各处理土壤中的重金属含量,其中Cr含量差异不显著,Pb、Cu差异显著,虽然施用不同用量垃圾和污泥不同程度地增加了土壤中重金属的含量,但都没有超出污染标准。因此,合理利用垃圾和污泥能提高土壤肥力,增加作物产量。     

先进实用的污水生物处理新技术研究

随着我国城市化进程加快,未经处理的小城镇污水排放量急剧增加,构成对水环境的严重威胁。以厌氧生物处理为主流工艺(HABR)、好氧生物处理为后续工艺的新技术,投资省、运行费用低、处理效果好、便于管理,适合在小城镇推广应用。本文概述了污水处理技术现状,介绍了组合式折流板厌氧反应池(HABR)及其中试研究。     

Effect of timing of application of municipal solid waste compost on N availability for crops in central Spain

To calculate the correct nitrogen fertilizer rate for crops and the possibility of using municipal solid waste (MSW) compost as an organic amendment, nitrogen mineralization rates were studied by laboratory incubation and field measurements in a soil in central Spain. Nitrogen mineralization rates were studied in a 250-day laboratory soil incubation with two treatments: with and without compost, incubated at 28°C and a moisture content of 70% of field capacity. Three phases are described: (1) no increase in the mineral nitrogen content, (2) a linear increase in the mineral N fraction and, finally, (3) a linear, parallel increase in both mineral N and easily mineralizable organic N fractions. Incubation data were fitted to three different equations. The exponential model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was selected to predict field N mineralization rates. The field experiment was performed using a crop of maize with three treatments: compost applied in February (before sowing), compost applied during sowing and a control (without compost application): sampling was carried out over 14 months. Soil water content was measured periodically. Soil with compost applied in February showed 1.9 and 1.4 times more available nitrogen than soil without compost and compost at sowing, respectively, for the month of maximum accumulation. These results suggest that compost amendments must be applied before sowing. Compost applications were shown to supply the available nitrogen for spring crops. A simulation model showed satisfactory agreement with field data, after correction for soil temperature and water content. Received: 22 July 1996     

草原地区城市生活污水土地处理工程生态效应研究

阐述了城市污水土地处理工程在草原地区生态功能及其环境影响的作用、污水灌溉下几种人工林群落的演进和生态安全问题 ,指出坡向和地形对草原地区造林非常重要 ,河谷地段或灌溉人工林地 1 0～ 1 5年内已发育成稳定郁闭的纯林生态系统 ,并形成用材林和苗木基地 ,而干旱阳坡或半阳坡不宜发展林地     

城市生活垃圾填埋场的环境问题及其治理研究

随着城市化进程的快速发展,生活垃圾填埋场的数量不断增加,垃圾填埋场产生的填埋气和渗滤液给周边生态环境带来了不同程度的污染。因此,城市生活垃圾填埋场的治理与恢复已成为生态环境保护的重要内容。该文介绍了我国生活垃圾填埋现状,分析了填埋气和渗滤液对生态环境的危害,并结合国内外研究现状提出了相关的防治对策,最后总结了我国生活垃圾填埋场治理与恢复的技术原则和发展趋势。     

地市级农科院所在区域农业科技创新中的作用

通过对部分地市级农科院所的实地调研看出,地市级农科院所在区域农业科技创新中发挥了重要的作用,在服务农村经济社会发展中积累了一些成功做法和经验。地市级农科院所在新形势下发挥其功能作用应重点把握的方向为:服务于地方中心工作;突出自身的优势和特色;积极争取多方支持;加强联合与协作;进一步增强内部活力等。     

海拉尔区再生水量可靠性分析

在分析海拉尔区现状城市污水量、污水处理量的基础上,预测了该区2007年水平年城市污水量、污水处理量和再生水量。在最不利条件下,以2007年为分析水平年,分别从日、月、全年等不同时间尺度,对建设项目用取再生水量可靠性进行了全面而客观的分析。结果表明,只要建1座容积为0.4万m3的蓄水池进行2d的调蓄,海拉尔区城市再生水量即可满足建设项目的用取水量要求。     

ABR工艺处理生活污水研究

本文对折流挡板厌氧反应器处理生活污水进行了研究。反应器沿流向分为三格,实验温度为25℃,水力停留时间12小时,pH在7~7.6。实验结果表明:COD的去除率可维持在70%左右,产气主要含有甲烷、二氧化碳和氢气,每格最大产甲烷活性依次为211 mLCH4.gVSS-1d-1,314 mLCH4.gVSS-1d-1,319 mLCH4.gVSS-1d-1;出水产物为乙酸和丙酸;每格优势菌种依次为杆菌、球菌、甲烷丝状菌和甲烷八叠球菌。填料挂膜量(湿重)沿着流向逐渐降低,平均为4.27 g.cm-3。     

A comparative survey of recent results on humic-like fractions in organic amendments and effects on native soil humic substances

The main scope of the wide use of organic amendments of various origin and nature in modern agriculture is to increase and/or restore the organic matter content in organically poor or depleted soils in order to maintain and/or increase crop production and reduce soil exposure to degradation, erosion, desertification and pollution. The agronomically efficient and environmentally safe use of any organic amendment requires, however, an adequate control not only of the chemical quality of the humic substance (HS)-like fractions contained, which is an important indicator of the maturity and stability achieved by organic matter in the amendment, but also of the effects that these HS may have on native soil HS. In this review, the most recent results obtained on this topic by the research groups operating in Bari, Italy, and in Madrid, Spain, are discussed comparatively with results recently published by other research groups. Overall, HS-like components of organic amendments are characterized by higher aliphatic character and molecular heterogeneity, lower contents of O, acidic functional groups and organic free radicals, and lower degrees of aromatic ring polycondensation, polymerization and humification than native soil HS. These differences are less evident for composted materials. The composition, structure and functionalities of HS in amended soils may be affected in different ways and at various extents on dependence of the nature, origin and rate of amendment. In general, these properties are intermediate between those of the unamended soil HS and the HS-like fractions in the amendment, but generally resemble more the former than the latter, especially with increasing time after amendment application.