A survey of mutations in the Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) esterase E3 gene associated with organophosphate resistance and the molecular identification of mutant alleles

Cochliomyia hominivorax (Calliphoridae) is one of the most important myiasis-causing flies and is responsible for severe economic losses to the livestock industry throughout the Neotropical region. In Brazil, C. hominivorax has been controlled mainly with organophosphate (OP) insecticides, although the inappropriate use of these chemicals can result in the selection of resistant flies. Changes in carboxylesterase activity have been associated with OP insecticides in some arthopodan species. In this work, we isolated and characterized part of the E3 gene in C. hominivorax (ChE7), which contained the same substitutions responsible for the acquisition of OP hydrolase activity in Lucilia cuprina (Calliphoridae). Digestion of the polymerase chain reaction products with a restriction enzyme that specifically recognized the mutation site unambiguously differentiated wild and mutated esterase alleles. The PCR-RFLP assay therefore provided a fast, reliable DNA-based method for identifying C. hominivorax individuals with a mutation in the esterase gene. Further bioassays to determine the association of this mutation with OP resistance in C. hominivorax should allow the development of more effective strategies for managing this species.     

泰宁丹霞世界自然遗产地监测监控体系的构建

以泰宁丹霞世界自然遗产为例,探讨如何构建科学、系统的世界自然遗产地监测监控体系,从而保障世界遗产地得到科学保护和实现可持续发展。首先阐述遗产地监测与监控的内容,确定遗产地的监测指标,其次提出了遗产地监测的内容、位置、结果反馈和设备的要求。最后,从成立数字信息监测监控中心,采用科学的监测方式和手段,完善监测点的布控与远程视频监控系统3方面构建了泰宁丹霞世界自然遗产地的监测监控体系。     

中国茶向世界传播的途径与方式

中国是茶的原产地。现在茶树、茶客遍布世界,世界上有关茶的语音、种茶知识、制茶方法、品茶技艺、饮茶风俗及茶文化都与中国关系密切,茶树也直接或间接由中国引种。这一局面的产生是中国茶向世界传播的结果。千余年来,中国茶借助文化交流、经贸活动、人口迁徙等途径向世界传播,传播途径具有立体性、多样性、复杂性等特点,宗教人员、外交人员、经贸商人、移民侨民成为茶传播的主体。与此相适应,中国茶向世界传播的方式主要有知识方式、消费方式、产业方式,传播方式呈现直接传播、间接传播、综合传播相结合,反映了茶叶传播循序发展的递进过程。     

国外木材工业现状及发展趋势

本文介绍世界木材消费结构、木材工业结构、发展趋势和木材工业布局与工厂规模及世界１２个地区标准工业人工林轮伐期、生长量和产量。     

黄土高原世行项目中的水土保持林建设

黄土高原世行项目中的水土保持林建设李寅生（黄委会黄河上中游管理局，西安７１００４３）一、项目区林业生产现状项目区现有林地面积２３．８１万ｈｍ２，其中天然次生林７．７４万ｈｍ２，人工林１６．０７万ｈｍ２；苗圃１９６．５ｈｍ２。在现有林中乔木林１３．８４...     

黄土高原水保世行贷款项目管理机制的探索与实践

到1997年底,山西省项目区完成梯田21696hm~2,治河造地91hm~2,建骨干坝8座、淤地坝129座,建果园5912hm~2,发展经济林3825hm~2、乔木林10374hm~2、灌木林15686hm~2,水土保持工程累计拦蓄径流1800万m~3,减少入黄泥沙620万t,项目工程对外起到了宣传、对内起到了示范作用.加强人员技术培训,完善项目管理机制,严格资金管理与使用,充分发挥农民主力军的作用,是项目得以成功实施的保证.项目执行的后期,要实现项目建设向重林果、重管护的战略转移.     

Comparison between three dosages of intramuscular alfaxalone and a ketamine–dexmedetomidine–midazolam–tramadol combination in golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas)

ObjectivesTo characterize the cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of alfaxalone at three dose rates in comparison with a ketamine–dexmedetomidine–midazolam–tramadol combination (KDMT) for immobilization of golden-headed lion tamarins (GHLTs) (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) undergoing vasectomy.Study designProspective clinical trial.AnimalsA total of 19 healthy, male, wild-caught GHLTs.MethodsTamarins were administered alfaxalone intramuscularly (IM) at 6, 12 or 15 mg kg^–1, or KDMT, ketamine (15 mg kg^–1), dexmedetomidine (0.015 mg kg^–1), midazolam (0.5 mg kg^–1) and tramadol (4 mg kg^–1) IM. Immediately after immobilization, lidocaine (8 mg kg^–1) was infiltrated subcutaneously (SC) at the incision site in all animals. Physiologic variables, anesthetic depth and quality of immobilization were assessed. At the end of the procedure, atipamezole (0.15 mg kg^–1) was administered IM to group KDMT and tramadol (4 mg kg^–1) SC to the other groups; all animals were injected with ketoprofen (2 mg kg^–1) SC.ResultsA dose-dependent increase in sedation, muscle relaxation and immobilization time was noted in the alfaxalone groups. Despite the administration of atipamezole, the recovery time was longer for KDMT than all other groups. Muscle tremors were noted in some animals during induction and recovery with alfaxalone. No significant differences were observed for cardiovascular variables among the alfaxalone groups, whereas an initial decrease in heart rate and systolic arterial blood pressure was recorded in KDMT, which increased after atipamezole administration.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAlfaxalone dose rates of 12 or 15 mg kg^–1 IM with local anesthesia provided good sedation and subjectively adequate pain control for vasectomies in GHLTs. KDMT induced a deeper plane of anesthesia and should be considered for more invasive or painful procedures. All study groups experienced mild to moderate hypothermia and hypoxemia; therefore, the use of more efficient heating devices and oxygen supplementation is strongly recommended when using these protocols.     

世界粮食研究模型在黑龙江省作物产量预报中的应用

在现有研究成果的基础上，提出世界粮食研究（WOFOST）模型在黑龙江省四大作物产量预报应用中的参数分区处理方法，运用WOFOST的模拟产量和趋势产量对黑龙江省四大作物产量进行了预测分析。研究表明：该方法效果理想、可行，具有理论研究和实际应用价值，克服了只用一组参数在复杂气候区域进行作物产量模拟的局限性，拓宽了WOFOST模型在复杂气候条件下的应用领域。     

上海世博园区植物配置研究

植物是上海世博园区绿地最重要的组成部分,因此植物配置质量的好坏成为直接影响上海世博园区景观风貌与生态环境的关键因素之一。文章在对上海世博园区的广场绿地、景观绿地、道路绿地及滨江绿地的植物配置进行分析与探讨的基础上,尝试提出适合上海世博园区气候环境及功能要求的植物配置模式,从而充分发挥世博绿地的景观价值和生态效益。