1993年全国小麦秆锈菌种群动态分析

１９９３年我国小麦秆锈病发生较轻，从８个省１８个区县中的４７个品种上采集到的９５个标样中分离到菌株３３６个，鉴定出２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＫＨ、２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＴＨ、２１Ｃ３ＣＦＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＦＨ、３４Ｃ１ＭＫＲ、３４Ｃ１ＭＫＨ和３４Ｃ２ＭＫＲ等９个致病类型；２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ的出现频率为６５．２％，居于首位，２１Ｃ３ＣＤＨ为１４．５％，２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ为１０．７％，２１Ｃ３ＣＦＲ为４．２％     

浙江不同稻区耳叶水苋对苄嘧磺隆的抗性比较

采用琼脂法测定了长江三角洲地区宁绍平原和杭嘉湖平原5个稻区(宁波、绍兴、杭州、嘉兴和湖州)稻田耳叶水苋Ammannia arenaria不同生物型对苄嘧磺隆的抗性水平。结果表明,所采集的88种耳叶水苋生物型中,有96.6%已对苄嘧磺隆产生了抗性,其中,低抗(3RI≤10)、中抗(10RI≤50)和高抗(RI>50)的生物型分别占总数的22.7%、53.4%和20.5%。宁波NB0143-01和绍兴SX077生物型对苄嘧磺隆的RI值分别高达124.4和120.4。5个稻区中,绍兴地区耳叶水苋的抗性水平最高,平均RI值为53.1;宁波次之,平均RI值为35.1;湖州、杭州和嘉兴地区的抗性水平相对较低,平均RI值分别为24.1、19.9和18.7。表明稻田耳叶水苋对苄嘧磺隆的抗性程度较高,且在宁绍平原和杭嘉湖平原稻区已普遍出现抗性。其中在宁绍平原苄嘧磺隆对耳叶水苋的选择压较大,长期连续用药可能是该地区抗性水平高于其他区域的重要原因。这是有关耳叶水苋对苄嘧磺隆抗性种群分布的首次报道。     

Penetration, Development and Emigration of Juveniles of the Nematode Meloidogyne arenaria in Myrobalan Plum (Prunus cerasifera) Clones Bearing the Ma Resistance Genes

Penetration, development and emigration of M. arenaria in the roots of three Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera) clones genetically characterized for their resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKN) were studied during the 10 (penetration) and 15 (emigration) days following the date of inoculation (D) of 2500 juveniles (J2s) per plant into the soil. Miniaturized tests were conducted on the two resistant clones P.2175 (Ma1 gene) and P.1079 (Ma2 gene) and the susceptible clone P.2032 (recessive for both genes), obtained from micropropagated plantlets and grown in mini-containers under controlled conditions at 25°C in a growth chamber. For penetration and development studies, nematodes in the roots were recovered by the acid fuchsin-lactophenol staining technique. Equivalent numbers of J2s were recovered in all the clones at D+1 and D+2. Subsequently, the numbers increased rapidly in P.2032 and were significantly different from those in P.1079 and P.2175 that remained at a low level. No swollen larvae were observed in the resistant clones. In P.2032, the first swollen larvae were observed at D+4, the first females were observed at D+12, whereas the first females with attached egg sacs and the first new-generation J2s were obtained between D+21 and D+28. Our data suggest that the resistance phenomenon does not act on the very early nematode penetration but acts later by preventing feeding-site induction and development into the third-stage. For emigration studies, plants in which J2s had been allowed to penetrate for two days (from D to D+2) were washed free of soil, repotted and then, after various periods of growth, soil-free roots were placed under a mistifier to evaluate the numbers of emigrating individuals. Emigration of J2s from the roots occured mainly from D+2 to D+4 in all the genotypes and was very limited from D+4 to D+10. There was no significant differences in the number of emigrated juveniles between the resistant and susceptible clones, indicating that emigration cannot explain the difference in the numbers of nematodes recovered in the roots.     

2008-2009年度河北、河南、四川和江苏四省冬小麦区试品系的遗传多样性和抗条锈性分析

探讨2008-2009年度河北、河南、四川、江苏四省参加区试的70个小麦品系的遗传多样性和抗条锈性,以期了解小麦种质资源间的遗传差异,并为小麦品种抗条锈病基因的合理布局提供科学依据。采用亲缘系数（coefficient of parentage, COP）分析2008-2009年度四省的70个供试小麦品系的2 415对组合并进行聚类分析,同时,对这70个品系接种条锈菌混合菌系CYR32、CYR31、CYR33、CYR30和CYR29,进行抗条锈性鉴定。供试的所有品系的COP值的变化范围在0.000 0～0.750 0之间,COP值的总和为24.607 5,其平均值为0.010 2。聚类分析分为6大类,聚为一类的多为同一个骨干亲本培育的品系且它们的抗性相似,说明使用同一骨干亲本抗病性得到了较好的遗传,但使用同一亲本降低了小麦品种间的遗传多样性。增大对亲缘关系较远的品种的应用,有利于增加小麦品种间的遗传多样性,创造出更多的优异种质。小麦条锈病抗性鉴定结果表明,四省的小麦区试品系对条锈病感病和抗病分别占总参试品系的57.14%和40%,其中,四川抗病品系占参试品系的61.55%,总体上看抗条锈性相对较好,其他三省抗条锈性相对较差,抗病品种选育工作亟待加强。     

桃蚜高效氯氰菊酯抗药性与乙酰胆碱酯酶的关系

于室内对桃蚜进行高效氯氰菊酯抗药性筛选,选育至10代后抗性倍数增长到49.9倍。生化分析表明,抗性品系乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性均显著高于敏感品系。比较两个品系乙酰胆碱酶活性个体频率分布发现,更多的桃蚜个体向酶活性高的区域分布。酶动力学测定结果显示,抗性桃蚜酯酶对底物的Vmax、Km显著大于敏感品系。     

荔枝害虫群落结构及其动态研究

以栽培品种ＮＣ８９为对照,通过室内饲养和组织切片,系统研究了转双基因抗虫烟草对烟夜蛾和小地老虎幼虫的抗性表现。结果表明,转双基因抗虫烟草对烟夜蛾幼虫具有稳定的杀虫作用,取食后２－３ｄ死亡,死亡率达１００％,不同龄期间表现一致;对小地老虎幼虫个有一定的杀虫作用,其抗性随龄期的增加而减弱,１龄死亡率为４８％,２龄为２８％,３龄以后死亡率为０,但对各龄幼虫的生长发育均具有明显的抑制作用。     

黄腐酸对雾培马铃薯幼苗抗旱性的影响

试验以马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)幼苗为研究对象,采用雾培装置进行不同黄腐酸用量和干旱胁迫处理(分别为CK,不加黄腐酸和PEG; 10％ PEG;0.01％ FA+ 10％ PEG;0.03％ FA+ 10％ PEG;0.05％ FA+ 10％ PEG和0.10％ FA+ 10％ PEG),分析其对马铃薯生长发育及抗性生理的影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,雾培马铃薯幼苗的成活率、叶绿素含量、膜稳定指数、根系活力、匍匐茎数、结薯率和产量呈下降趋势,而丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及超氧阴离子(O^-₂)产生速率呈上升趋势,过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性先增加后下降,说明雾培马铃薯幼苗在干旱胁迫下生长发育受到显著抑制,正在遭受逆境胁迫。经黄腐酸处理后,幼苗的成活率、匍匐茎数、结薯率和产量则得到了提高,而叶绿素含量、膜稳定指数和根系活力仍呈下降趋势,但较单一干旱胁迫的下降趋势缓慢,而MDA含量、SOD和POD活性及产生速率呈先升高后下降的趋势,脯氨酸、可溶性糖、H₂O₂含量及CAT活性呈上升趋势,其中H₂O₂含量上升趋势较单一干旱胁迫缓慢,说明黄腐酸处理后使干旱胁迫下雾培马铃薯幼苗的生长发育得到了促进,减轻了干旱胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,提高了植株的整体抗旱性,而这种抗性与黄腐酸浓度呈明显相关性,0.05％ FA对植株的的保护效应最显著,而0.10％ FA则协同PEG加剧了对幼苗的伤害作用。     

Use of real-time PCR to examine the relationship between disease severity in pea and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphanomyces euteiches</Emphasis> DNA content in roots

Aphanomyces euteiches causes severe root rot of peas. Resistance is limited in commercial pea cultivars. Real-time fluorescent PCR assay specific for A. euteiches was used to study the relationship between disease severity and pathogen DNA content in infected peas. Five pea genotypes ranging in levels of resistance were inoculated with five isolates of A. euteiches. Plants were visually rated for disease development and the amount of pathogen DNA in roots was determined using the PCR assay. The susceptible genotypes Genie, DSP and Bolero tended to have significantly more disease and more pathogen DNA than the resistant genotypes 90-2079 and PI 180693. PI 180693 consistently had less disease, while 90-2079 had the lowest amount of pathogen DNA. The Spearman correlation between pathogen DNA quantity and disease development was positive and significant (P < 0.05) for three isolates, but was not significant for two other isolates. This suggests that the real-time PCR assay may have limited application as a selection tool for resistance in pea to A. euteiches. Its utility as a selection tool would be dependent on the correlation between disease development and pathogen DNA content for a given pathogen isolate. The accuracy and specificity of the real-time PCR assay suggests considerable application for the assay in the study of mechanisms of disease resistance and the study of microbial population dynamics in plants.     

澜园丰恺杭椒新品种比较试验

杭椒一号是一个市场认可度最高的杭椒品种,目前种植面积最广,但此品种的优势日渐衰退。为了选育推广一个与杭椒一号综合性状相当或较好,尤其是商品性好、抗病能力强的杭椒新品种,特采用对比试验的方法,将澜园丰恺与杭椒一号在抗病性、耐高温能力、产量等方面进行对比试验。试验结果表明,澜园丰恺杭椒新品种在抗病性、产量、耐高温等方面表现均较好,商品性与杭椒一号相当,可以作为一个优秀的杭椒新品种加以推广。