An integrated water trading-allocation model, applied to a water market in Australia

Temporary water trading is an established and growing phenomenon in the Australian irrigation sector. However, decision support and planning tools that incorporate economic and biophysical factors associated with temporary water trading are lacking. In this paper the integration of an economic trading model with a hydrologic water allocation model is discussed. The integrated model is used to estimate the impacts of temporary water trading and physical water transfers. The model can incorporate economic and biophysical drivers of water trading. The economic model incorporates the key trade drivers of commodity prices, seasonal water allocations and irrigation deliveries. The hydrologic model is based on the Resource Allocation Model (REALM) framework, which facilitates hydrologic network simulation modelling. It incorporates water delivery system properties and operating rules for the main irrigation and urban centres in a study area.The proposed integration method has been applied to a case study area in northern Victoria, Australia. Simulations were conducted for wet and dry spells, a range of commodity prices and different irrigation distribution system configurations. Some example analyses of scenarios incorporating water trading were undertaken. From these analyses potential bottlenecks to trade that constrain the economic benefits from temporary water trading were identified. Furthermore, it was found that in certain areas of the system, trading can make impacts of long drought spells worse for water users, e.g. irrigators. Thus, the integrated model can be used to quantify short-term and long-term third party impacts arising from temporary water trading. These findings also highlight the need to link “paper trades” (estimated by economic models) to physical water transfers (estimated by biophysical models).     

灯泡体支撑件对贯流泵水力性能的影响

灯泡体支撑件(包括进人孔和底部支承)是贯流泵装置内部重要的过流部件,本文采用CFD方法对贯流泵装霞内部流场进行数值模拟,对不同支撑件形状进行了比较分析和优化,并与试验结果比较.结果表明,进人孔和底部支承的形状对泵装置的水力损失和水流流态的影响都比较明显,合理的支撑件形状可以改善流态、减少水流环量,提高泵装置效率.     

Management challenges of small-scale fishing communities in a protected reef system of Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico

Abstract  Socioeconomic characterisation of fishing activities in the Veracruz Reef System National Park was used to develop a management system which balances the community's livelihood, and the conservation needs of the protected area. A survey was applied to four sectors of the fishing community: the fishers, fishers' wives, retailers and local population. The survey determined their perceptions about: (1) fishing as a lifestyle; (2) economic alternatives; (3) perspectives about the future; (4) environment; and (5) knowledge of the National Park as a protected area. Fishers devoted an average of 27 years fishing, investing an average of 12 h per day giving a regular income of 15–20 US$. Most interviewed (60%) were full-time fishers, with fishing the only family income source. Fishers are predominately educated to primary school level (64%).The main problem faced by fishers and the communities were economic opportunities but 89% believed that mariculture could be an alternative income source. There was strong ecological awareness, with 75% aware of the decline in fisheries resource and 62% knowing about the role of protected areas. There was divided opinion about future perspectives. Inefficient organisation and communication between authorities and fishers were identified as obstacles to co-management. Discussion on alternative incomes and a proposal involve fishers in co-management initiatives are presented.     

强化栽培条件下水稻的根系特征及其与产量形成的关系

以协优527为材料，研究了强化栽培条件下水稻的根系特征及其与产量形成的关系。结果表明，与常规栽培相比，强化栽培能明显增加从分蘖至成熟各生育时期的单株根系干重，降低齐穗后根系中可溶性糖含量，提高生育后期根系的生理活性及磷含量，特别是在籽粒灌浆结实的关键时期，SRI栽培的根系伤流强度明显高于接常规栽培。因此，强化栽培可以延缓后期根系及叶片衰老，提高结实率及千粒重，进而提高产量。     

T-M水量平衡模型在流域产流计算中的应用

[目的]旨在通过研究流域各月度产水量,对水资源管理和农业灌溉用水调度进行指导。[方法]以锦阳川流域为研究对象,运用遥感(remote sensing,RS)和地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)提取和处理空间土地利用、土壤及数字高程模型数据,结合降雨、气温及不同植物的根深数据,采用Thornthwaite and Mather(T—M)模型计算了水分亏缺与剩余,土壤水分补给与利用的周期及月度产流量。[结果]研究区2011年平水年全年总径流量为281.0mm,在1,3—4,6和10月,存在水分亏缺及土壤水分利用,面积加权的水分亏缺值为5.8mm;2月,11—12月降水对土壤水分进行补给;5和7—9月,存在水分剩余,面积加权的剩余值为286.2mm。丰水年(25%)、平水年(50%)和枯水年(75%)多年平均产水量分别为8.3×107,4.8×107及2.2×107 m3。[结论]研究区在丰水年(25%)的2,7—11月,平水年(50%)的2—3,7—9月和枯水年(75%)的12—2,7—9月存在水分剩余。     

哈尼梯田生态系统森林土壤水源涵养功能分析

位于云南省哀牢山区红河南岸的红河哈尼稻作梯田系统是全球重要农业文化遗产之一,自上而下形成了垂直分布的“森林、村庄、梯田、河谷”四素同构的良性原始农业生态系统,使得该系统成功地抵御了多年的连续干旱。以哈尼梯田的核心区域撒马坝梯田上方的典型森林为对象,对其土壤水源涵养功能进行了系统分析和评价。结果表明,研究区平均土壤容重为1.09 g/cm³,总孔隙度为65.1%,非毛管孔隙度为18.7%,平均土壤蓄水容量达2 589 t/hm²,土壤滞留贮水量达739 t/hm²,表层土壤平均初渗率达13.57 mm/min,稳渗率达7.22 mm/min,充分说明了该区域的土壤水热交换条件和土壤渗透性都十分良好。与我国其他区域森林相比,哈尼梯田森林具有很高的土壤水源涵养能力,是其适应极端干旱气候的重要保障,其模式可为我国适应极端气候变化减少农业经济损失提供重要的经验借鉴。     

单株油蒿蒸腾耗水特征及其与环境因素的关系

[目的]探究油蒿的蒸腾耗水规律及其对环境因子的响应,旨在为固沙植被建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用野外大型称重式蒸渗仪于2014年6—9月底对单株油蒿的蒸腾过程进行连续观测,并同步监测了土壤含水量及相关气象因子。[结果]油蒿单日蒸腾强度曲线在晴天表现为双峰曲线,而在阴雨天双峰曲线不明显;研究期间,单株油蒿蒸腾耗水量为101.66mm,日平均蒸腾强度为0.83mm/d。蒸渗仪内土壤蒸发量106.05mm,日平均土壤蒸发强度为0.87mm/d,试验期间蒸散量占降雨量的82.98%。降雨可以维持油蒿正常生长,并对土壤水分进行一定补充;油蒿蒸腾强度与空气相对湿度(p0.01)、空气温度(p0.01)、太阳净辐射(p0.01)和20cm深度土壤体积含水量(p0.05)具有很好的相关性,且相关性依次减小。[结论]油蒿蒸腾耗水日变化明显,其蒸腾速率受土壤水分状况、气象条件及自身生理特征等因素的影响。     

基于GIS的喀斯特流域石漠化综合防治探讨——以贵州织金县洗马河流域为例

喀斯特石漠化是在喀斯特脆弱生态环境下,人类不合理的社会经济活动,造成植被破坏、水土流失、岩石逐渐裸露、土地生产力衰退丧失的演变过程,严重制约了区域社会经济的可持续发展。洗马河流域是织金洞国家级重点风景名胜区核心主成部分,主要岩性为灰岩和白云岩,喀斯特十分发育,是典型的石漠化区域,占流域面积近70%,人地矛盾十分突出。项目通过GIS与遥感技术为手段,进行石漠化调查和防治工程的布置,从而达到对该流域的石漠化防治,挽救该区域人类生存条件、防治水土流失、对国家重点风景名胜区的保护,同时对其它喀斯特区域石漠化的综合防治起着示范作用。     

基于GIS与GPS的中国农村精准施肥的方法研究

在利用GIS和GPS研究土壤养分空间变异的基础上,以农户作为精准施肥的单元,探讨在中国农村进行精准施肥的途径。结果表明,不同农户地块养分存在一定空间变异性,由此导致相邻农户施肥量存在差异性,而采用农户为单元的施肥推荐既可以避免土壤养分空间变异造成的推荐施肥偏差,又可考虑中国农村分散经营的实际的状况,从而使土壤养分管理更加精细化。     

Spatial modeling of wind speed around windbreaks

This paper presents a model to integrate windbreak shelter effects into a Geographic Information System (GIS). The GIS procedure incorporates the 1999 version windbreak sub-model of the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS). Windbreak shelter is modeled in terms of friction velocity reduction, which is a function of wind speed and direction, distance from the barrier, windbreak height, porosity, width, and orientation. A first application of the model was conducted at a study area with an extensive windbreak network in England (Thetford, East Anglia). Windbreak characteristics (windbreak type, height, width, porosity, and location) were recorded. Porosity was estimated from digitized B/W silhouettes. To evaluate the network effectiveness, a windbreak network shelter index (SI) was proposed in terms of average reduction of friction velocity over the area due to network shelter. The network was found to give good protection, but the windbreak distribution was not optimal in relation to the wind vector distribution.