异源精子诱导犬齿牙鲆的雌核发育

用冷冻保存的花鲈精子作为异源精子,采用紫外线(UV)对精子进行照射使其遗传物质失活,然后与卵子进行"授精",可以刺激犬齿牙鲆鱼卵进行雌核发育,在受精后一定时间采用冷休克处理"授精"卵,抑制第二极体排出成功获得了犬齿牙鲆雌核发育二倍体鱼苗.实验表明:犬齿牙鲆同源精子经80 mJ/cm2的紫外线照射可以完全失活,冻存花鲈精子经紫外线照射后也同样具有诱导犬齿牙鲆雌核发育的能力.无论同源精子还是异源精子,最佳诱导条件为在18℃条件下,精子经80 mJ/cm2的紫外线照射,受精后4～5 min将受精卵放在3℃海水中进行冷休克处理,持续时间为45 min,同源精子和异源精子二倍体诱导分别为32.66%±7.03%和28.00%±6.48%.采用形态学、流式细胞仪DNA含量分析和微卫星标记技术对雌核发育鱼苗进行了分析,证明了雌核发育鱼苗为雌核发育二倍体.     

冷、热休克法诱导黄颡鱼三倍体的比较研究

分别采用冷、热休克抑制第二极体释放的方法诱导黄颡鱼三倍体。结果表明,在卵受精后2min,5℃处理20min,胚胎时期的三倍体率达70%左右,孵化率50%左右,幼鱼时期三倍体(含嵌合体)的检出率为25%,此条件为冷休克处理的优化参数;在卵受精后2min,40℃处理2min,胚胎时期的三倍体诱导率达58%,孵化率为39%,幼鱼时期三倍体(含嵌合体)的检出率为40%,此条件为热休克处理的优化参数。正交分析得出,冷休克条件下起始休克时间是原肠期三倍化率和孵化率的重要影响因子,温度对畸形个体的产生有重要影响;热休克条件下,参考三倍体率、畸形率、孵化期相对存活率三者而言,休克温度均是重要因素。比较观察到冷休克处理组的胚胎受损情况严重,后期的成活率较热休克处理组要低,总体诱导效果逊于热休克处理组。     

优质抗寒、抗病酿造葡萄新品种‘北红’

 ‘北红’葡萄新品种由‘玫瑰香’与‘山葡萄’杂交育成。浆果在北京地区9月底成熟。果粒圆形,蓝黑色,果粒质量1.57g,果穗质量160.0 g,浆果可溶性固形物含量23.8 %～ 27.0 %,含酸量0.89～1.26 %。早果性及丰产性强。抗寒、抗病能力特强。酿成的酒深宝石红色,酒体平衡,酒质上等。     

茄子离体叶片光系统Ⅱ的冷激胁迫效应及热力学分析

 以耐冷性较强的短把黑圆茄和耐热性较强的黑帅圆茄为试材,经冷激胁迫后采用植物效率仪PEA,进行快速叶绿素荧光参数测定,并利用最大光化学效率Fv/F m和活性中心RC/CSo的标准状态变性自由能变△GD进行PSⅡ冷稳定性的热力学分析。随着冷激胁迫温度的降低和时间的延长,PSⅡ的Fv/Fm、实际光化学效率ΔF/Fm′、RC/CSo呈"S"型下降趋势;单位反应中心DIo/RC和非光化学猝灭qN呈"S"型上升趋势;综合分析反映出冷激胁迫下PSⅡ反应中心的可逆失活和依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散的双重机制在保护PSⅡ防止光抑制中起到重要作用。另外,通过两品种间PSⅡ行为差异,引入了两组新的参数作为便于直观比较冷胁迫的评价指标。黑帅圆茄Fv/Fm、ΔF/Fm＇的半衰温度T1/2和t1/2值分别高于短把黑圆茄1.4 ℃和0.8 ℃。茄子叶片Fv/Fm和RC/CSo的△GD随着冷激胁迫温度的降低而减少呈瀑布型的下降趋势。黑帅圆茄的△GD值和变性中点温度Tm都低于短把黑圆茄。它们均反映出黑帅圆茄的耐冷性低于短把黑圆茄。     

无花果越冬防寒技术研究

在同等环境条件下,分别对无花果采用土壤埋实法、草绳缠绕法、橡塑缠绕法3种防寒措施,越冬后,比较3种措施以及不同的埋实深度、缠绕高度对无花果萌芽、展叶时间以及受冻情况的影响.结果表明:利用土壤埋实法越冬的无花果萌芽、展叶时间早,受冻株数少,长势最好,最佳的埋实深度为30 cm,无花果可安全越冬.     

虾夷扇贝精子的主要生理特性与低温保存

试验结果表明,虾夷扇贝精子的最适盐度为23.2～32,最适pH 7.0～8.5.4℃,未稀释精液样品保存5 d后,精子仍有(26±4)%的活力,而经海水稀释后的精液保存70 h后,最高活力仅为(11±1.41)%,用抗冻液稀释的精液,4℃保存5 h后,得到最高的精子活力仅为(24.7±4.16)%.添加抗冻剂后,-18℃的保存效果明显低于4℃保存的未稀释样品.用4℃保存的未稀释精液与栉孔扇贝卵子进行杂交试验,保存3 d内的精子获得的授精率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05).杂交组的幼虫可以正常发育至D形幼虫,与自交组无区别.     

Effects of Exogenous Materials on Nitrogen Photosynthetic Efficiency and Yield Formation of japonica Rice in Cold Region Under Cold Water Stress at Booting Stage

【Objective】Our goal is to develop disaster-reducing, production-preserving and chemical-controlling cultivation techniques to effectively resist cold damage at the booting stage of japonica rice in cold region.【Method】The split plot design and the central combination test design were used to screen out the optimal application concentrations of CaCl2, glutamic acid(Glu), and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) through the membership function values of yield-related indicators under cold-water stress at booting stage.【Result】1) Under cold water stress at the booting stage, the optimal concentrations of exogenous CaCl2, Glu and GABA (CGG) were 1.87 mmol/L, 2.76 mg/L, 4.40 mmol/L, respectively and the average membership function value is the largest (0.932). 2) Compared with normal irrigation, the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency of cold-region japonica rice decreased under cold stress at the booting stage. Compared with cold water stress at the booting stage, CGG application at the optimal concentration significantly increased the leaf area index (5.37%) and nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency (4.53%) of Dongnong 428 at the full heading stage; significantly increased leaf biomass per leaf area (2.56%) and leaf area index (3.39%) of Songjing 10 at the full heading stage. 3) Compared with cold water stress at the booting stage, the application of the optimal concentration of CGG increased the dry matter accumulation from heading stage to maturity in the cold-region japonica rice, but it was still lower than that of the normal irrigation, and there were differences between varieties and treatments. 4) Compared with cold water stress at booting stage, the yield and yield components of cold-region japonica rice increased with the application of the optimal concentration CGG, and the impact on cold-sensitive varieties was more significant. 5) Compared with the cold water stress at the booting stage, the average increase in temperature production efficiency of Dongnong 428 and Songjing 10 was 5.55% and 23.72% under the optimal concentrations of CGG, respectively. The contribution rate of exogenous CGG to the gap of temperature production efficiency is 8.99%.【Conclusion】The application of the optimal concentration of CGG under cold water stress at the booting stage promoted leaf growth of cold-region japonica rice at the full heading stage and increased the population nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency, which was beneficial to dry matter accumulation and yield formation after heading stage, thereby reducing the loss of cold-region japonica rice under cold water stress at booting stage and improving the temperature production efficiency of cold-region japonica rice.     

磷肥施用深度对苜蓿根颈抗氧化酶活性及抗寒性的影响

【目的】探讨磷肥施用下移深度对苜蓿越冬器官在低温胁迫下抗氧化生理特性的变化及其与抗寒性的关系。【方法】以‘北极熊’紫花苜蓿品种为供试材料,将磷肥施于地表和距离地表7.5,15,22.5,30 cm,分别以S₀、S₁、S₂、S₃、S₄表示,并以不施磷肥为对照（CK）;于越冬期对苜蓿根颈模拟低温（4,-10,-20和-30 ℃）胁迫处理,检测丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的变化,并分析MDA含量与抗氧化酶活性的相关性。【结果】在同一施磷深度下,随着胁迫温度的降低,苜蓿根颈MDA含量呈先降低后增加的变化趋势,以-10 ℃下最低;SOD、POD、CAT活性则呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,且均在-10 ℃下最大;在同一低温胁迫处理下,不同施磷深度处理的MDA含量均明显低于CK,且在S₂处理下MDA含量最低,较CK降低了48.61％～50.92％;不同施磷深度处理的SOD、POD、CAT活性均明显高于CK,且在S₂处理下SOD、POD、CAT活性最强,分别较CK增长了26.42％～35.61％,53.37％～84.67％和24.94％～61.58％。相关性分析表明,在4,－10,－20和－30 ℃下,SOD、POD、CAT活性与MDA含量呈显著或极显著负相关。【结论】在距离土壤表面15 cm处施用磷肥最有利于提高苜蓿抗氧化酶活性,进而降低MDA含量,增强苜蓿抗寒性。     

冷冲击处理对贮藏期间银杏硬化的影响

以南雄产银杏（ＧｉｎｋｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａＬ．）为材料,以０℃的冰水混合物为冷却介质,研究了不同冷冲击处理（１ｈ,２ｈ,３ｈ,４ｈ）对贮藏期间银杏硬化的影响结果表明,冷冲击处理能显著地控制白果的硬化,硬化率随处理时间的延长而降低     

孕穗期冷水胁迫对寒地水稻干物质生产的影响

以黑龙江省30份主栽水稻品种或品系为试材,在孕穗期设置17℃冷水灌溉处理(20d),以常规栽培管理为对照,分析冷水胁迫对水稻干物质生产的影响。结果表明,冷水胁迫导致所有试材每穴实粒数、结实率、千粒重和产量下降,并根据相对结实率将试材耐冷性分为1、3、5、7和9级,以7和9级最多,1级最少,分别占总材料的30%和10%。在冷水处理下,全部材料抽穗期至成熟期干物质积累量及比例、群体生长率、净同化率、粒叶比、收获指数、叶面积指数、剑叶叶基角、剑叶和倒2叶与倒3叶披垂度均下降,但高效叶面积率增加。相关分析表明,冷水处理的相对结实率与收获指数(r=0.96**)、产量(r=0.91**)、粒叶比(r=0.84**)和干物质积累量(r=0.48**)的冷水反应指数(CRI)呈极显著正相关,与群体生长率(r=0.44*)、净同化率(r=0.44*)和干物质积累比例(r=0.43*)的CRI显著正相关。综上,孕穗期冷水胁迫对水稻干物质生产的影响在品种间存在很大差异,在冷水胁迫下耐冷性极强品种(系)干物质积累量及比例、群体生长率、净同化率、粒叶比和收获指数对冷水反应迟钝,这是耐冷性极强品种(系)保持较高产量的重要形态特征和生理原因。