梨果实贮藏中可溶性果胶和半纤维素分子结构的变化

 为了了解分子结构变化与耐藏性的关系，以耐贮性不同的苹果梨和新高梨为试材，利用Ultrogel AcA 22凝胶柱渗漏分离，比较了梨贮藏中可溶性果胶和半纤维素分子大小的变化。结果表明，苹果梨的半纤维素分子大于新高梨。在贮藏过程中，耐贮性强的苹果梨果实可溶性果胶分子大小变化不明显，但半纤维素分子明显变小。相反，新高梨的可溶性果胶分子明显变小，而未观察到半纤维素分子大小的变化。说明梨的耐贮性与可溶性果胶分子结构变化及半纤维素分子大小有关，而与半纤维素分子结构变化没有直接关系。     

桑天牛卵啮小蜂孤雌生殖及体内沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)的检测

桑天牛卵啮小蜂(Aprostocetus prolixus)有孤雌生殖现象,其后代几乎为雄性。沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)是广泛分布于节肢动物体内的一类共生菌,参与多种调控寄主的生殖活动机制。通过对外膜蛋白基因(wsp)、细菌细胞分裂蛋白基因(ftsZ)和核糖体16S rDNA基因的特异性扩增,在米蛾(Corcyra cephalonica Stainton)的DNA中分别扩增出约600、1000和900 bp的片断,验证了米蛾体内已感染了Wolbachia;而在桑天牛卵啮小蜂的DNA中未扩增出任何片断,表明Wolbachia在桑天牛卵啮小蜂体内未被感染或感染率极低。     

Molecular characterization and genetic relationship among almond cultivars assessed by RAPD and SSR markers

RAPDs and SSRs were used to study the genetic diversity of Iranian almond cultivars and their relationship to important foreign cultivars and three related species. Eight unidentified almond Shahrodi cultivars and three wild almonds (Prunus communis, Prunus orientalis and Prunus scoparia) were also included. Of the primers tested, 42 (out of 80) RAPD and 18 (out of 26) SSR primers were selected for their reproducibility and high polymorphism. A total of 664 polymorphic RAPD bands were detected out of 729 bands. The number of presumed alleles revealed by the SSR analysis ranged from 3 to 10 alleles per locus with a mean value of 6.64 alleles per locus. Both techniques discriminated the genotypes very effectively, but only RAPDs were able to discriminate the cultivars Monagha and Sefied. Results demonstrated an extensive genetic variability within the tested cultivars as well as the value of SSR markers developed in peach for characterization of almond and related species of Prunus. Dice similarity coefficient was calculated for all pair wise comparisons and was used to construct a UPGMA dendrogram. For both markers a high similarity in dendrogram topologies was obtained although some differences were observed. All dendrograms, including that obtained by the combined use of both the marker data, depicted the phenetic relationships among the cultivars and species, depending upon their geographic region and/or pedigree information. Almond cultivars clustered with accession of P. communis showing their close relationship. P. orientalis and P. scoparia were clustered out of the rest of P. dulcis.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Amaranthus leaf mottle virus</Emphasis>: 3′-end RNA sequence proves classification as distinct virus and reveals affinities within the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potyvirus</Emphasis>

Amaranthus leaf mottle virus (AmLMV) was classified as a member of the genus Potyvirus on the basis of its particle morphology, serology, and biological properties (Casetta et al., 1986). Based on these properties, an Amaranthus viridis-infecting virus isolated in Spain, causing mottle and leaf blistering as well as reduced growth has been identified as AmLMV. The 3′ terminal genomic region of this and a reference isolate from Italy has been sequenced and reveals a 95% nucleotide identity between the two isolates. The sequenced part comprises the coat protein with 281 amino acids and 315 nucleotides of the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) preceding a polyadenylated tail. Pairwise comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the CP and 3′ UTR of the cloned cDNAs with those of other potyviruses shows that AmLMV is a distinct potyvirus closely related to Potato virus Y.     

秆野螟属(Ostrinia)系统进化与分类研究进展

秆野螟属(Ostrinia)昆虫全球分布20种,寄主广泛,在农业生产中具有重要的经济意义。由于该属地理分布广泛,形态特征复杂,寄主和生态区重叠严重,秆野螟属系统发育研究还存在很多问题尚未解决。本文综合中国秆野螟属分类概况,对目前应用于秆野螟属系统发育研究的各种性状,包括形态特征、性信息素(生殖隔离)以及分子水平的研究进展作了阐述,并针对秆野螟属研究内容的复杂性及其研究现状,提出了相关对策。     

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ is the phytoplasma associated with Australian grapevine yellows, papaya dieback and Phormium yellow leaf diseases

Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA genes and the 16S/23S spacer regions of the phytoplasmas associated with Australian grapevine yellows, papaya dieback and Phormium yellow leaf diseases revealed minimal nucleotide differences between them resulting in the formation of a monophyletic group. Therefore, along with Australian grapevine yellows, the phytoplasmas associated with Phormium yellow leaf and papaya dieback should also be considered as Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense.     

动物性别决定的分子机理及性别鉴定与控制新技术

哺乳动物中位于Ｙ染色体短臂临界区域的ＳＲＹ基因启动雄性性状的发育。该基因在生殖腺脊中的表达可激发下游基因ＭＬＳ的转录,引起缪氏体抑制物和睾酮分泌,促使睾丸组织器官的发育。针对该基因制备特异探针或产该区域片段得到引物对就可用ＦＩＳＨ或ＰＣＲ准确,快速鉴定出植入母体前的胚胎性别,以及对精子筛选分离的结果作出准确评价。与ＰＣＲ相比,ＦＩＳＨ技术更具检测优势。     

Analysis of 18S rRNA gene of Octostigma sinensis (Projapygoidea: Octostigmatidae) supports the monophyly of Diplura

The phylogenetic position of Diplura within Hexapoda has been controversial. There are three major lineages in Diplura: Campodeoidea, Projapygoidea, and Japygoidea. However, most of the previous studies were restricted to Campodeoidea and Japygoidea. Until now, only preliminary morphological study on Projapygoidea was reported, and no sequence data from Projapygoidea was available. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the phylogenetic position of Octostigmatidae, one of the three families of Projapygoidea, in Diplura and to test if Diplura are monophyletic. The complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of Octostigma sinensis (Projapygoidea: Octostigmatidae) from subtropical China, together with representative species of Campodeoidea and Japygoidea, and several species of Protura and Collembola were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees were obtained by different methods (neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood) with a chelicerate species as outgroup. Our results suggested that Octostigma was closer to the genus Parajapyx (Japygoidea: Parajapygidae) than to the representative genus of Campodeidae (Campodeoidea). All phylogenetic trees supported the monophyly of Diplura.     

葡萄A病毒外壳蛋白基因克隆及分子变异分析

为获得葡萄A病毒(Grapevine virus A,GVA)外壳蛋白(CP)基因,并为开展GVA-CP介导的抗病毒转基因研究提供基础,本研究从葡萄休眠枝条中扩增获得12个GVA分离物的CP基因序列,全长597nt,编码198个氨基酸。所得分离物间核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为83.9%~99.8%和92.4%~99.5%,与GenBank中12个GVA CP序列比较,核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为71.0%~93.1%和81.8%~98.0%。系统进化分析表明,本研究12个分离物CP序列与已报道的GVA Ⅰ组亲缘关系最近。种群变异分析表明,GVA种群具有多种变异体类型,并且多个样品存在不同变异体类型的复合侵染。但绝大多数变异体克隆聚集在GVA Ⅰ组分支,有60%的克隆序列间同源性较高,并且聚集在同一个次级分支Ⅰ Aa,表明其为该GVA种群的优势序列。克隆的GVA CP基因以及优势序列群体的分析为葡萄抗病毒转基因研究奠定了基础。     

用基于PCR的分子标记分析甘蓝型油菜抗感菌核病品系间的遗传距离

用离体叶接种法鉴定了甘蓝型油菜选系对菌核病的抗感性，结果表明绝大多数抗性品系与感病品种间的差异达到显著或极显著水平。以两种基于ＰＣＲ的标记估计所选１０ 份材料间的遗传距离。１９ 个随机引物扩增出了２６ 条重复性很好的ＲＡＰＤ 标记，１ 对依据植物Ｒ基因的ＮＢＳ区段设计的简并引物扩增出了３ 条多态性的带。依据２９ 个标记进行聚类分析，结果表明抗、感性材料在遗传距离为０．１２０６ 处被明显地区分开。５份抗性材料中，宁ＲＳ—１ 与中油８２１、中Ｒ８８８ 等其它抗性品系的遗传距离较远