辣木转录因子家族初步鉴定与分析

转录因子在转录水平上激活或抑制基因的表达,在植物生长发育、维持正常生理活动和响应内外部刺激等方面具有重要作用。随着辣木基因组组装的完成,本研究通过生物信息学的方法,对辣木中转录因子家族进行鉴定与初步分析,结果共筛选到1502个转录因子,分属86个家族。同时以拟南芥为参照,鉴定了43个受正选择作用的转录因子,这些正选择基因涉及植物生长发育的各个时期,与植物抗病、环境胁迫密切相关。对辣木HSF蛋白研究表明大部分蛋白的Hsf结构域相对保守,与拟南芥HSF家族蛋白构建系统发育树,发现辣木Hsf基因的分类与进化在一定程度上具有相关性。研究结果将为辣木的生长发育及环境胁迫应答机制提供分子基础。     

感染松材线虫病的思茅松林择伐木外观判定初探

通过观察思茅松在12月至翌年1月感染松材线虫病的外部特征,得出思茅松感病后的主要外部特征和区别于其他松树的感病特点,并提出择伐感病思茅松时在外观特征上的判定标准和处理建议。     

籼稻背景下导入Wx~(in)等位基因改良稻米食味和理化品质

水稻Wx~b等位基因已广泛用于籼稻的品质改良,但携带该等位基因的一些籼稻米饭往往偏软,仍需进一步改良。为明确籼稻背景下导入Wxin等位基因对稻米食味品质和理化品质的效应,分别以携带Wxin的IR64和携带Wx~b的9311为供体,以携带Wxa的籼稻SIR3611 (3611)为受体,基于分子标记辅助选择,通过杂交和连续回交的方式构建了3611背景下携带Wxin和Wx~b的近等基因系。系统比较了不同近等基因系间的农艺性状以及稻米的食味和理化品质。结果表明,近等基因系与受体亲本3611的主要农艺性状基本接近,无显著差异。NIL(Wxin)稻米的表观直链淀粉含量较亲本3611极显著下降而胶稠度极显著增加。NIL(Wx~b)稻米表观直链淀粉含量最低且与之对应的胶稠度最高。近等基因系NIL(Wxin)和NIL(Wx~b)稻米的食味值较亲本极显著提高。NIL(Wx~(in))和NIL(Wx~b)稻米的GBSSI丰度与对应的表观直链淀粉含量具有明显的正相关。稻米粉的黏滞性谱、热糊化特性和晶体结构与直链淀粉含量显著相关性。本研究为在我国籼稻品种品质改良中有效利用Wxin等位基因提供了重要依据。     

江苏省部分粳稻品种对条纹叶枯病的抗性鉴定及分子检测

为明确江苏省近年生产上主栽的粳稻品种对条纹叶枯病的抗性来源,探讨采用与抗条纹叶枯病基因Stv-b~i共分离的SCAR标记进行分子标记辅助育种的可行性.本研究以抗条纹叶枯病的日本粳稻品种关东194和感条纹叶枯病的梗稻品种武育粳3号为对照,对江苏省近年来育成的28份粳稻品种对条纹叶枯病的抗性进行了田间鉴定,并利用与 Stv-b~i共分离的SCAR标记对供试材料进行分子检测,同时对抗病品种的亲本来源进行了系谱追踪.结果显示,与Stv-b~i共分离的SCAR标记能准确鉴定含该基因的抗性品种,该标记可用于标记辅助选择育种.系谱分析证实江苏省大部分抗性粳稻品种如镇稻88、徐稻3号、南粳46等均含有来自籼稻Modan和Mudgo的Stv-b~i基因;而不含Stv-b~i基因但对条纹叶枯病抗性较好的粳稻品种如扬辐粳8号、淮稻9号和淮稻11号则可能具有其他抗源.表明生产上利用的主栽粳稻品种条纹叶枯病具有多种抗源,对聚合不同来源的抗性基因及培育持久抗性的水稻品种具有重要意义.     

柴胡多糖的分子量测定及单糖组成分析

[目的]从柴胡中提取分离柴胡精多糖（BPP2）,并对其分子量和单糖组成进行研究。[方法]采用水提法提取柴胡精多糖（BP）,用DEAE纤维素柱色谱进行分离纯化,采用GPC法测定BPP2的分子量,TLC、HPLC法对其单糖组成进行研究。[结果]BPP2的分子量约为67836,由鼠李糖（Rha）、木糖（Xyl）、阿拉伯糖（Ara）、半乳糖（Gal）和葡萄糖（Glc）5种单糖组成,其摩尔比为2.19∶1.00∶3.21∶2.27∶2.44。[结论]柴胡多糖BPP2是由5种单糖组成的纯一杂多糖,分子量为67836。     

乌桕综合评分法选优性状指标体系

目前乌桕的资源分布特点,决定了只能采用综合评分法进行选优。采用改进的投影寻踪技术,通过优化指标函数,根据投影方向值确定各主要性状所占分值,建立乌桕综合评分的性状指标体系。建立在改进的投影寻踪技术上的综合评分法选优指标体系,具有较高的可靠性和较强的可操作性。     

坛紫菜耐低氮磷品系选育的研究

在含氮量仅为海区的1／100、含磷量仅为海区的1／15的低氮、磷环境下,对人工选育和建立纯系的坛紫菜褐绿色、红棕色品系3代叶状体（F1、F2、F3）的耐受力情况及生长情况进行研究,发现2个品系的藻体均具有极强的耐低氮、磷能力：1）褐绿色藻体在低氮、磷环境下培养21d才停止生长,叶片无成熟现象,仅轻微的腐烂和萎缩．3～4cm长的藻体培养7～9d时的长度日生长量是对照组的4．73倍,鲜重日增重率是对照组的5．29倍;培养18～21d时的长度日生长量为（0．86±0．27）cm,鲜重日增重率为（5．32±0．21）％．褐绿色品系F3代的平均长度比对照组长28．7cm．2）红棕色藻体在相同条件下培养15d后停止生长,叶片无成熟、腐烂和萎缩,3代叶状体在低氮、磷甚至无氮、磷环境下的耐受力和生长状况均比较稳定且有所提高,遗传性状比较稳定．3～4cm长的红棕色藻体在低氮、磷环境下培养7～9d时的长度日生长量是对照组的4．95倍,鲜重日增重率是对照组的3．58倍;培养13～15d时藻体的长度日生长量为（1．92±0．53）cm,鲜重日增重率为（13．61±0．46）％．F3代的平均长度比对照组长23．16cm．3）通过选育可以看出褐绿色品系比较耐低氮、磷,该品系可以较好地解决养殖过程中低氮、磷环境对于紫菜养殖所造成的危害,缓解由于养殖密度过大而造成的病害发生和减产、减收现象．     

Genetics of neotropical fish: from chromosomes to populations

The Neotropical freshwater fish fauna is very rich—according to the most recent catalogue 71 families and 4,475 species have been described. However, only a small amount of general information is available on the composition of Neotropical marine fishes. In Brazil, 1,298 marine species have been recorded. General analysis of available cytogenetic and population genetic data clearly indicates research has been mainly concentrated on freshwater fishes. Thus, today, cytogenetic information is available for 475 species of Characiformes, 318 species of Siluriformes, 48 species of Gymnotiformes, 199 freshwater species that do not belong to the superorder Ostariophysi, and only 109 species of marine fishes. For the species studied, only about 6% have sex chromosomes and about 5% have supernumerary or B chromosomes. A review of the cytogenetic studies shows that these data have provided valuable information about the relationships between fish groups, the occurrence of cryptic species and species complexes, the mechanism of sex determination and sex chromosome evolution, the distribution of nucleolus organizer regions, the existence supernumerary chromosomes, and the relationship between polyploidy and evolution. In relation to populations in Neotropical marine waters, the studies have shown the presence of cryptic species, which has important implications for fishery management. Different levels of genetic structuring can be found among Neotropical freshwater migratory fish species. This raises important implications for fish population genetic diversity and consequently its sustainable utilization in inland fisheries and aquaculture, specifically for conservation of ichthyo-diversity and survival.     

Optimising codend configuration in a multispecies demersal trawl fishery

Abstract The relative efficiencies and selectivities of conventional and modified codends were examined in a demersal trawl fishery targeting several species, including eastern king prawns, Penaeus plebejus (Hess), whiting, Sillago spp. and cephalopods. The modifications to codends included: (i) reducing the circumference; (ii) increasing the mesh size in conventional diamond‐mesh designs; and (iii) orientating meshes on the bar so that they were square shaped. The codends were tested against a fine‐meshed control in paired comparisons onboard three commercial trawlers. The conventional codend comprised 41‐mm diamond‐shaped mesh attached to an anterior extension section at a ratio of 150 to 100 meshes and was demonstrated to be non‐selective for the targeted species. Reducing codend circumference to 100 meshes and increasing the size of mesh to 45 mm both improved selection for eastern king prawns, but the lateral mesh openings were estimated to be insufficient to allow juveniles of the other key species to escape. By contrast, codends made from 35‐ and 41‐mm mesh hung on the bar improved the size selection for eastern king prawns and selected stout whiting, Sillago robusta (Stead) (the smallest commercial‐sized fish) across narrow selection ranges and at 50% sizes of retention (L₅₀s) that were closely correlated to the transverse morphology of fish and the maximum mesh opening. With the exception of a reduction in catches of octopus, Octopus spp., by the 41‐square codend, there were no other impacts on commercial catches by the square‐mesh designs. It was concluded that diamond‐mesh codends are inappropriate for use throughout this multispecies fishery and that a modified design comprising at least 35‐mm mesh hung on the bar is required to minimise the fishing mortality of unwanted sizes of the key target species. The results are discussed in terms of the utility of these types of modifications for closely regulating selection in penaeid‐shrimp trawls.     

应用基因分型技术研究牛结核分枝杆菌分子流行病学

牛分枝杆菌是引起牛结核病(bTB)的病原体,侵染宿主广泛,可感染多种家畜和野生动物,对人类和动物健康构成巨大危害。随着多年不懈的研究,有关分枝杆菌分子流行病学的知识积累不断增加。作者对近年来应用新的基因分型技术研究牛结核分枝杆菌分子流行病学方面的一些研究进展。这些技术包限制性片段长度多态性分析(RFLP)、PCR介导的间隔区寡核苷酸分析(spoligotyping)、数目可变串联重复位点(VNTR)等。主要用于对人、牛、家畜以及野生动物的结核病分子流行病学进行分析和监测。另外,还利用一系列敏感的基于PCR的技术从分枝杆菌杆菌复合体(NTM)中对菌型进行鉴别。对分枝杆菌感染分子流行病学的全面了解,有助于对本病扩散传播机制的深入研究。可为制定科学防治结核病的措施做出贡献。