基于文献计量分析的国内外农业规模经营研究热点演化与新兴趋势分析

为梳理总结国内外农业规模经营的总体概况、研究热点和未来发展趋势,以Web of Science核心合集和中国知网CSSCI数据库文献为研究对象,综合运用HistCite和VOSviewer文献计量软件对年度发文量、高被引作者、引文编年图以及热点关键词等进行可视化分析。结果表明：1）国内外农业规模经营年度发文量呈现波动上升态势,且发文集中于国内外权威期刊上。2）国际农业规模经营研究主题丰富,相互之间印证密切,学界研究重点从早期的经济效益逐渐转型到社会和生态效益,主要包括农业生产力、贫困、健康营养、食品安全、气候变化和资源环境等研究方向。3）国内农业规模经营研究虽起步较晚,但鉴于中国特殊国情农情,研究主题更为细化,主要包括粮食安全、农民增收、面源污染、产权制度改革、全要素生产率以及农业社会化服务等研究方向。另外,受国际思潮的影响,中国农业规模经营研究也逐步向气候变化和营养均衡等方面转变。综上,未来中国还需要从农业规模经营基础理论体系构建和研究方法创新、新兴研究方向探索以及加强国际交流合作等方面深化研究。     

蛇腹鳞表面的超微结构及减阻机理

用原子力显微镜观测了竹叶青蛇、短尾蝮蛇和赤链华游蛇腹鳞表面的超微结构,分析了腹鳞表面的减阻机理。结果表明:3种蛇腹鳞表面的超微结构均为微凸体、微孔和凹坑周期排列的规律结构;蛇的栖息环境不同,超微结构的排间距、微凸体长度以及微孔的直径、数量不同。从陆栖到水栖,微凸体长度逐渐减小,微孔数量逐渐增加。微凸体减少了腹鳞和地面间的实际接触面积,从而减小了滑动时的粘着力;腹鳞表面的疏水性,减少了接触面间水的粘附力。     

雨季不同时段蒋家沟泥石流侵蚀产沙特征的分析

根据雨季不同时段,降雨入渗后的土壤含水状况观测以及泉水季节性变化,详细分析了蒋家沟1987-2001年雨季不同时段的167场泥石流侵蚀产沙的特点。结果表明:在雨季中期(7-8月),无论是泥石流暴发频率、产沙量还是规模都是最高值,分别占总样本的70.65%和占总产沙量的78.88%。雨季初期(5-6月)和雨季后期(9-10月)的泥石流,分别占总产沙量的16.16%和4.97%。雨季初期5月的雨沙比(R/s,mm/万m3)高达82.26,6月为3.49;而雨季中期的7月R/s仅为1.32,8月为1.67。这一研究可提高雨季不同时段泥石流降水警戒值确定的精度。     

土地流转、规模经营的"国田模式"主要做法与思考

邛崃固驿国田生态农业有限公司经过土地流转实现土地规模经营,依托政府和科研单位的支持,完善基础设施,合理配置资源,科学调整结构,提高了综合效益。同时,通过土地承包经营权换社保解决养老,新农村建设推进集中居住,技术培训促进多渠道就业,使农户收入增加,形成了城乡统筹发展的国田模式,为城乡统筹发展积累了先期经验。但是,从实践来看,体制是否是阻碍城乡统筹发展的主要原因？如何完善土地使用权流转制度？如何有效发挥科技支撑作用,提高综合效益？仍然值得进一步探索。     

Impact of great gerbils(Rhombomys opimus) on desert plant communities

Great gerbil(Rhombomys opimus) colonies, with bare soil and herbaceous plants, are conspicuous to the background environment throughout their range area. In order to quantify the engineer role of great gerbils, we investigated the plant communities of 20 active colonies in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China. In areas without disturbance, desert plant communities were dominated by the shrubs with low level species richness. In burrow areas and surrounding intermediate areas, which were disturbed by great gerbils, the shrubs were suppressed with the decrease of vegetation cover and aboveground biomass. As a result, "niche gaps" were created in disturbed areas and worked as a refuge for herbaceous annuals and perennials. So the existence of great gerbils increased the overall species richness of the desert. Furthermore, herbaceous annuals and perennials are the major food source for great gerbils in spring, indicating that great gerbils have a mutually beneficial relationship with herbaceous plants.     

规模化养猪场疾病防控

养猪场以前饲养数量较少时采用传统的综合防控措施,如免疫接种、药物预防和治疗等,在疾病防控方面都起到关键作用且效果明显,但是随着饲养数量增加,只采用上述措施远远不够,应树立创新理念和生物安全措施,才能更有效的防控疾病发生。     

黄土高原西部人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律

利用便携式中子水分测定仪,对黄土高原西部丘陵区不同立地条件、不同灌木类型覆盖下土壤水分含量进行观测研究,同时对人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律进行了初步的探讨。结果表明：阴坡土壤水分储量最高,其次为半阴坡和半阳坡,阳坡最低,坡向因子与土壤水分储量呈显著正相关,坡位因子与土壤水分储量相关性不显著。柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、半日花(Helianthemum songaricum)耗水量较大,沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata）、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)等耗水量居中,荒漠锦鸡儿(Caragana roborovskyi)、甘蒙锦鸡儿(Caragana opulens)、枸杞(Lycium chinense)耗水量较低,在植被恢复过程中,应根据物种抗旱性的不同在不同坡向进行合理的配置。从单株植物对土壤水分水平分布的影响看,随着离树干距离的加大,土壤水分含量越高,但在不同的土层深度土壤水分水平分布特征有差异。     

基于亲景度、SWOT方法的旅游客源市场分析 -以西安市的英国客源市场为例

本文借用中、英权威统计资料,运用亲景度指标和SWOT方法对西安旅游客源市场进行了分析。亲景度分析发现英国游客构成了西安最为稳定、最为忠实的客源市场。SWOT分析发现开发英国市场潜力巨大,机遇与挑战并存。对英国市场的拓展提出了具体建议,比如提高促销手段和服务水平,研究英国游客消费行为,研究客源分流国与分流地旅游产品特色及营销手段,早日开通两地航线等。     

Testing the spatial significance of weed patterns in arable land using Mead's test

There is a need in weed science for statistical tests for patchiness and spatial pattern. The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of Mead’s test for detecting patterns in synthetic data and in real weed counts made in maize, and making a first assessment of its applicability in ecological studies on weeds. In an extension to Mead’s test, made here for the first time, we merge original quadrat count data into rectangular cells of m by n quadrats. Care was taken to rule out the effect of starting point on the test result. Using the synthetic data, we demonstrate the ability of the test to detect both patchiness and homogeneity as deviations from randomness. The first deviation results in right‐sided significance, and the second in left‐sided significance of the test. Analysis of the real weed patterns demonstrated patchiness at many scales for five of the six investigated species and lack of any deviation from randomness in the sixth: Taraxacum officinale. The latter was the only wind dispersing species in the dataset. No deviation towards homogeneity was found in any of the real weed species at any scale. All patchy patterns showed anisotropy, being elongated in the direction of field traffic. As it turns out, Mead’s test is well suited to detect departures from randomness in observed weed patterns and enhances the suite of diagnostic tools that can be employed by weed ecologists.