中国古典园林中的"收"与"放"分析

中国人对于“人要征服自然”和“人是自然的一部分”的辩证统一关系的认识和态度,是中国古典园林形成的哲学依据。该文通过对中国古典造园的思想背景、总体布局、空间组织、园林建筑、掇山理水、植物配置等造景元素中“收”与“放”的分析,阐明了“收”与“放”的对比与联系在古典园林中所产生的社会效果和审美效果：     

The structure of four home gardens in the Petén,Guatemala

Forest-covered home gardens around the tropical world vary in their structure, but serve to supply food and other products for direct family consumption or marketing. Little quantitative data exist defining home garden structure. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine the variation in home garden structures in response to market or household needs and the subsequent variation in light interception and productivity.Four home gardens were studied in the Department of the Petén, in northern Guatemala. Areal extent and height of canopies were mapped in transects through four gardens representing a range of site water regimes and market orientation. Light intensities incident on the ground were measured along each transect to assess light use. Results showed structural complexity, with full canopy closure in the one or more layers within the canopy for most gardens. The garden architectures made efficient use of light and space, with intersive management for food and fuel production. Farmers grew the crops for both cash and family subsistence. One home garden on a comparatively dry site with shallow soil seemed less structured, with only a single broken canopy layer, but with diverse species of plants.The results indicate that development of gardens in this area utilized existing trees, thinning them to leave the most useful, and inserting other desirable trees and shrubs in the understory and in open spaces. This strategy seemed to maximize light use, regardless of market orientation.This look at the structure and composition of four home gardens, in a forested area of current immigration, demonstrated (1) variety of organization and plant components, (2) different architecture for different soil/site conditions and market orientations, and (3) efficient use of available light through the arrangement of plants.     

张清旅游公路绿化工程和景观协调的研究

旅游公路的绿化设计既要考虑司机和乘客的视觉特性、行为特性,满足公路交通的行车要求,又要考虑与沿线的环境相协调,与沿线的旅游景点相衬托,才能设计舒适、安全、优美的旅游线路.以张清高等级旅游公路为例,在阐述旅游公路的绿化工程和当地生态环境协调、道路线形协调的技术措施基础上,第一次提出了道路绿化工程和沿线景区景观协调,建设新的旅游景点的观点.     

社会情境视野下的岭南传统私家园林研究思路

文章通过对社会情境概念进行解析,论述了西方园林史研究范式的变革;针对岭南传统私家园林的研究现状,结合当代国际上的新观点、新动向,探讨了基于社会情境研究园林的构想,旨在为岭南传统私家园林的研究提供新的思路和方法。     

小农户参与现代农业发展:现实特征、实现基础与机制构建

基于“大国小农”的国情,促进小农户和现代农业有效衔接是推动中国农业现代化发展进程以及实现乡村振兴战略的主要着力点。虽然当前小农户参与现代农业发展存在老龄化、女性化和兼业化“三化”并重的锁定效应、耕地禀赋的刚性效应以及市场准入的壁垒效应,但重新审视小农户的生命活力与现代农业发展的包容性可以发现,小农户和现代农业之间存在相容性关系。进一步提出,实现小农户和现代农业衔接的关键在于建立新型农业服务主体激励相容机制、社会网和利益网“双重”网络机制以及小农户自我发展能力提升机制。     

近代岭南乡村庄园建筑空间防御性研究

空间防御性是近代岭南乡村庄园作为家族聚居生活空间的显著特征之一,反映了地域时代意蕴与社会生活状态,研究防御需求与庄园空间营造的耦合关联,对理解近代岭南乡村庄园的内在生成机制、丰富岭南园林历史理论具有积极意义。通过文献研究、实地调研、情境分析、图解分析等方法,梳理近代岭南乡村庄园建筑空间防御性的形成背景,从环境的利用与适应、庄园边界、单体建筑及内部空间 4 个方面揭示防御功能在空间上的具体表征。进一步分析比较近代岭南乡村庄园与粤中城市宅园防御需求在空间处理方式上的差异,探索近代岭南私家宅园“功能 - 空间”融合手法的城乡之异,深化对岭南私家宅园空间生成逻辑的探讨。     

景观挡土墙在现代园林中的应用

阐述与分析景观挡土墙在现代园林中的运用,以及景观挡土墙的表现形式、构成要素、表现内容和设计原则等,并具体说明如何通过现代技术手段打造和美化传统挡土墙,使之更好地与现代园林景观相契合,创造出优美的景观环境。     

近代广东住宅园林布局特点浅析

因受特定的历史背景、人文地理和气候环境的影响,近代广东住宅园林独具特色,既继承了传统岭南园林的环境适应性和人文要素,又扬弃融合了西方园林的造园手法。文章着重研究近代广东住宅园林的布局特点,特别是中西合璧的造园手法所形成的布局样式和风格,为现代园林的设计与实践提供新的视角。     

当代中国热带庭园与传统岭南庭园的历史情结

文章分析传统岭南庭园的造园艺术在当代热带庭园设计中的运用和发展,重点对空间渗透交流、视线与空间序列、花木营造等方面进行分析,找寻其中的历史情结,以期为中国当代热带庭园的传承与创新提供一些参考。     

Collection of urban tree products by households in poorer residential areas of three South African towns

The high rates of urban in-migration and poverty common in many developing country towns potentially increases the reliance of urban populations on the direct benefits provided by trees. Yet understanding of the extent of such use and the sources of these tree products is limited. Here we report on the extent of use of urban tree products by 450 households in the poorer areas of three towns along a rainfall gradient based on household questionnaires. We considered the proportion of households making use of each of several tree products and the collection or purchasing frequency which we disaggregated by source of the product, including trees in homesteads, urban spaces, edges of towns and via purchase from traders. Most households (91%) used firewood, which was most frequently collected from the urban fringe or purchased, although one-third at times also collected firewood from trees on their home plot. All households used fruits, most commonly sourced through purchase (98%), but nearly half of whom also supplemented by harvesting fruits from their home plot. Other products used included wood for building, fencing and utensils, herbal medicines, planting material and mulch. Collection of products from urban homestead trees was highest amongst households in the informal settlements and least in the more established townships. Residents of new low-cost housing areas made extensive use of urban tree products harvested in urban spaces because they had fewer homestead trees than residents of informal areas or townships. Overall, urban residents made use of a wide array of tangible products from trees which they sourced from a variety of places, including their homestead plot. This urges that planning agencies ensure that homestead plot sizes or other urban spaces that provide tree products are large enough to support the direct needs of poorer urban residents.