Analysis of sediment transport modeling using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for aquaculture raceways

A simulation model to analyze the water flow and sediment transport in aquaculture raceways was developed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package. The simulation was used to evaluate the efficiency of solids settling in the quiescent zone of existing trout raceways. This efficiency was based on the percentage of solids removed, which corresponds to the percentage of solids introduced into the raceway that settle in it, with settling taking place primarily in the quiescent zone.

The raceway selected for model validation was a rectangular concrete raceway 30.0 m long, 3.0 m wide, 0.9 m deep, with a slope of 0.01. The raceway included a quiescent zone of approximately 5.3 m in length, which was separated from the rearing area by a screen. The water flow rate through the raceway was approximately 0.058 m³/s. Velocity measurements were recorded at 230 stations along the raceway using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter, for comparison with the results obtained from the simulations.

For the purpose of simulating sediment transport, six groups of particles were used to account for the total suspended solids. The sizes of the particles selected were based on an experimentally determined distribution for solids from a similar raceway, and were 692, 532, 350, 204, 61, and 35 μm for Groups 1–6, respectively. The particle density for each size was assumed to be 1150 kg/m³. Values of the percentage of solids removed for the different particle sizes were 100.0% for the largest particles, and 54.7, 0.9, and 0.1% for the three smallest particles, respectively. This methodology of analyzing the raceway sediment transport in terms of its percentage of solids removed based on CFD simulations can also be used to examine raceway design alternatives for improving the particle removal efficiency.     

Adaptive implementation of information technology for real-time, basin-scale salinity management in the San Joaquin Basin, USA and Hunter River Basin, Australia

Pollutant trading schemes are market-based strategies that can provide cost-effective and flexible environmental compliance in large river basins. The aim of this paper is to contrast two innovative adaptive strategies for salinity management have been developed in the Hunter River Basin, New South Wales, Australia and in the San Joaquin River Basin, California, USA, respectively. In both instances web-based stakeholder information dissemination has been a key to achieving a high level of stakeholder involvement and the formulation of effective decision support tools for salinity management. A common element to implementation of salinity management strategies in both the Hunter River and San Joaquin River basins has been the concept of river assimilative capacity as a guide for controlling export salt loading and the establishment of a framework for trading of the right to discharge salt load to the Hunter River and San Joaquin River respectively. Both rivers provide basin drainage and the means of exporting salt load to the ocean. The paper compares the opportunities and constraints governing salinity management in the two basins as well as the use of monitoring, modeling and information technology to achieve environmental compliance and sustain irrigated agriculture in an equitable, socially and politically acceptable manner. The paper concludes by placing into broader context some of the issues raised by the comparison of the two approaches to basin salinity management.     

Effect of temperature on metabolic activity of intact microbial communities: Evidence for altered metabolic pathway activity but not for increased maintenance respiration and reduced carbon use efficiency

We used metabolic tracers and modeling to analyze the response of soil metabolism to a sudden change in temperature from 4 to 20 °C. We hypothesized that intact soil microbial communities would exhibit shifts in pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis activity in the same way as is regularly observed for individual microorganisms in pure culture. We also hypothesized that increased maintenance respiration at higher temperature would result in greater energy production and reduced carbon use efficiency (CUE). Two hours after temperature increase, respiration increased almost 10-fold. Although all metabolic processes were increased, the relative activity of metabolic processes, biosynthesis, and energy production changed. Pentose phosphate pathway was reduced (17-20%), while activities of specific steps in glycolysis (51%) and Krebs cycle (7-13%) were increased. In contrast, only small but significant changes in biosynthesis (+2%), ATP production (−3%) and CUE (+2%) were observed. In a second experiment, we compared the metabolic responses to temperature increases in soils from high and low elevation. The shift in activity from pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis with higher temperature was confirmed in both soils, but the responses of Krebs cycle, biosynthesis, ATP production, and CUE were site dependent. Our results indicate that 1) in response to temperature, communities behave biochemically similarly to single species and, 2) our understanding of temperature effects on CUE, energy production and use for maintenance and growth processes is still incomplete.     

基于PID模糊控制的汽车电动助力转向系统助力特性研究

概述了电动助力转向系统(EPS)的结构和工作原理,在分析电动助力转向系统数学模型的基础上,构建了基于MATLAB/Simulink的电动助力转向系统仿真模型。采用PID模糊控制策略对电动机目标电流进行闭环跟踪控制。仿真结果表明:与未加EPS系统的车辆相比,采取基于PID模糊控制的EPS系统使车辆具有良好的助力转向性能,验证了控制策略的有效性。     

GM(1,1)建模机理与应用条件分析及其改进方法

GM(1,1)拟合的原始序列为非负齐次指数函数,对任何呈指数变化的序列x(k),可采用x~(0)(k)=x(k)—M或x~(0)(k)=M—x(k)将其转换为非负齐次指数函数变化。GM(1,1)建模的背景值生成Z~(1)=xx~(1)(k)+(1—α)x~(1)(k+1),应满足α=1/α—1/(e~0—1)。当|α|较小时,α非常接近0.5,但当|α|较大时,α偏离0.5值较大,这是在|α|较大时GM(1,1)传统建模方法失效的原因。文中基于建模机理与应用条件的分析,提出了改进的计算方法。     

浅析丝绸服装造型设计的工艺技法

本文在对丝绸服装面料和款式等特征阐述的基础上,通过其平面与立体结构设计以及制作工艺中的准备、裁剪、缝制、整理、装饰等方面对丝绸服装造型设计中的工艺技法进行了浅析,以期对丝绸服装设计提供相关工艺理论参考。     

双孢蘑菇模式化栽培技术研究进展

双孢蘑菇是一种世界性的食用菌,具有较高的栽培推广价值。从品种选择、覆土研究、培养料配方、设施内环境调控、栽培模式5个方面综述了双孢蘑菇模式化栽培技术研究进展,指出了模式化栽培技术的关键与创新栽培模式的必要性,并提出了今后双孢蘑菇模式化栽培技术进一步的研究方向和发展趋势。     

“中国农业系统模型”在长江流域的适应性检验及其模拟应用

利用水稻生长观测资料和气象资料,对＂中国农业系统模型（ChinaAgrosys）＂在整个长江流域水稻发育期、叶面积指数和生物量方面的模拟能力进行了综合评价。模型检验结果显示：发育期、叶面积指数和生物量的模拟值与观测值的均方根误差（RMSE）分别为4.4d、2.4、2010 kg·hm^-2,相对误差分别在-10%-11%、-30%-30%、-23%-24%,表明该模型可以用于长江流域历史和未来时期水稻的生育期、叶面积指数和生物量的模拟研究。利用此模型模拟了1955-2005年流域30个站点历年一季稻生物产量,并计算了各点的逐年变化趋势。结果表明：过去51a长江流域一季稻生物产量总体呈下降趋势,这可能与近年来流域夏季降水增多、日照时数减少有关。     

Spatial-temporal patterns in Mediterranean carnivore road casualties: Consequences for mitigation

Many carnivores have been seriously impacted by the expansion of transportation systems and networks; however we know little about carnivore response to the extent and magnitude of road mortality, or which age classes may be disproportionately impacted. Recent research has demonstrated that wildlife-vehicle-collisions (WVC) involving carnivores are modulated by temporal and spatial factors. Thus, we investigated road mortality on a guild of small and medium-sized carnivores in southern Portugal using road-kill data obtained from a systematic 36 months monitoring period along highways (260 km) and national roads (314 km) by addressing the following questions: (a) which species and age class are most vulnerable to WVC? (b) are there temporal and/or spatial patterns in road-kill? and (c) which life-history and/or spatial factors influence the likelihood of collisions? We recorded a total of 806 carnivore casualties, which represented an average of 47 ind./100 km/year. Red fox and stone marten had the highest mortality rates. Our findings highlight three key messages: (1) the majority of road-killed individuals were adults of common species; (2) all carnivores, except genets, were more vulnerable during specific life-history phenological periods: higher casualties were observed when red fox and stone marten were provisioning young, Eurasian badger casualties occurred more frequently during dispersal, and higher Egyptian mongoose mortality occurred during the breeding period; and (3) modeling demonstrated that favorable habitat, curves in the road, and low human disturbance were major contributors to the deadliest road segments. Red fox carcasses were more likely to be found on road sections with passages distant from urban areas. Conversely, stone marten mortalities were found more often on national roads with high of cork oak woodland cover; Egyptian mongoose and genet road-kills were found more often on road segments close to curves. Based on our results, two key mitigation measures should help to reduce WVC in Portugal. The first involves the improvement of existing crossings with buried and small mesh size fence to guide the individuals towards to the passages, in road segments with high traffic volume (>1200 vehicles/night) and located in preferred carnivore habitats. The second mitigation involves cutting or removal of dense vegetation in verges of road segments with curves to aid motorists in seeing animals about to cross.     

Modeling responses of dryland spring triticale,proso millet and foxtail millet to initial soil water in the High Plains

Dryland farming strategies in the High Plains must make efficient use of limited and variable precipitation and stored water in the soil profile for stable and sustainable farm productivity. Current research efforts focus on replacing summer fallow in the region with more profitable and environmentally sustainable spring and summer crops. In the absence of reliable precipitation forecasts for the crop growing season, farmers rely mainly upon knowledge of plant available water (PAW) in the soil profile at planting for making crop choice decisions. To develop a decision support strategy for crop selection based on initial PAW, experiments were conducted with spring triticale (XTiticosecale Wittmack), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.) under artificially controlled Low, Medium, and High initial PAW levels during 2004 and 2005 at Akron, Colorado, and Sidney, Nebraska. The objectives of this study were to adapt an existing cropping systems model for the simulation of triticale and millet and to evaluate simulations from the adapted model by comparing results with field data collected under varying initial PAW conditions. The Root Zone Water Quality Model with DSSAT v4.0 crop growth modules (RZWQM2) was used. Specifically, the Cropping System Model (CSM)–CERES–Wheat module was adapted for simulating triticale, and CSM–CERES–Sorghum (v4.0) module was adapted for simulating proso millet and foxtail millet. Soil water, leaf area index, grain yield, and biomass data for the highest PAW treatment from one crop season for each of the three crops were used to adapt and calibrate the crop modules. The models were then evaluated with data from the remaining PAW treatments. The proso millet module was further tested with four years of data from a crop rotation experiment at Akron from 2003 to 2006. Simulation results indicated that the adapted and calibrated crop modules have the potential to simulate these new crops under a range of varying water availability conditions. Consequently, these models can aid in the development of decision support tools for the season-to-season management of these summer fallow replacement crops under dryland conditions in semi-arid environments.