中尺度地形对暴雨降水影响的数值模拟研究

利用PSU／NCAR的中尺度模式MM4就1991年7月2日江淮暴雨进行模拟研究,主要考察了中尺度地形对暴雨降水的影响。在模拟工作中,人为地将模式地形中长江中游的大别山地区及其紧邻地域的海拔高度降为50m以下,而并不改变大尺度环境的各要素场。数值试验结果表明,地形的改变使中尺度暴雨中心位置和强度发生了变化。但是局地地形的改变也只在有限区域内对局地中尺度降水系统产生影响。     

Integrated diurnal soil respiration model during growing season of a typical temperate steppe: Effects of temperature, soil water content and biomass production

Soil respiration was measured with the enclosed chamber method in an ungrazed Leymus chinensis steppe during the growing seasons of 2001 and 2002. Soil respiration rate (R_S) was significantly influenced by air temperature (T) at the diurnal scale, and could be described by Van't Hoff's equation (R_S = R₁₀ exp(β(T − 10))). At the seasonal scale, the normalized soil respiration rate at 10 °C (R₁₀) was mainly controlled by soil water content (R² = 0.717, P < 0.001), while the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature (Q₁₀) was partially affected by absolute growth rate (R² = 0.482, P = 0.004). Thus, soil respiration could be described as R_S = (20.015W − 84.085) (0.103AGR + 1.786)^(T−10)/10 during the growing seasons, integrating soil water content (W) and absolute growth rate (AGR) into the temperature-dependent soil respiration equation. It was validated by the observed soil respiration rates in this study (R² = 0.890, P < 0.001) and observations from near-field experiment (R² = 0.687, P = 0.011). It implied that accurately evaluating annual soil respiration should include the effects of plant biomass production and other abiotic factors besides air temperature.     

Long-term effects of eliminating illegal logging on the world forest industries, trade, and inventory

We assessed the impact on the world forest sector of a progressive elimination of illegal logging. The analysis compared predictions from 2007 to 2020, with and without a gradual reduction of illegally logged industrial roundwood from 2007 to 2011. A large part of the curtailment of timber supply due to the stoppage of illegal logging would be compensated by increased legal production incited by higher prices. As a result, without illegal logging the world annual production of industrial roundwood would decrease by no more than 1%, even though it would decrease by up to 8% in developing countries. World prices would rise by 1.5 to 3.5% for industrial roundwood and by 0.5 to 2% for processed products, depending on the assumption on illegal logging rates. World consumer expenditures for wood products and producer revenues would rise by 1 to 2% without illegal logging. World value added in forest industries would remain the same. However, the changes in consumer expenditures would be more than double the changes in producer revenues in countries dependent on illegally logged timber of domestic or foreign origin such as Indonesia and China. Symmetrically, changes in producer revenues would be almost twice the changes in consumer expenditures in countries with little illegal logging and efficient industries, such as Canada, Germany and the United States. Value added in forest industries would decrease most in countries with heavy illegal logging (12% in Indonesia and up to 9% in Brazil), and it would increase most in Germany, Canada (4%), and the United States (2%). Without illegal logging, the world forest inventory would increase slightly, as the increase in developing countries would more than compensate the decrease in developed countries.     

人工林杨树木材性质与单板和胶合板质量关系模型的探讨

本文以生长在3种长江滩地类型(江滩、洲滩、湖滩)、3种栽植密度(3m×4m,4m×5m,5m×6m)下的3个品系人工林杨树,即[欧美杨无性系72杨(Populus×euramericana cv.Ⅰ-72/58),美洲黑杨无性系63杨(P.deltoides cv.Ⅰ-63/51)和69杨(P.deltoides cv.Ⅰ-69/55)(以下简称72杨,63杨,69杨)为对象,在研究人工林杨树木材性质与单板和胶合板质量关系的基础上,先用逐步回归筛选有关关键材性指标,然后再进一步模拟人工林杨树木材性质与单板和胶合板质量之间的关系.结果表明,长江滩地72、63、69杨单板和胶合板质量能够用与之相关的木材性质指标进行多元线性回归模拟.单板厚度偏差(VVT)随纤维宽度(FW)、木纤维比量(FP)、导管比量(VP)变化的模型为:VVT＝-3.414+0.063 FW+0.049 RP-0.033 VP单板背面裂隙率(RLC)随木材弦面硬度(TH)、抗弯弹性模量(MOE)、气干密度(WD)和体积全干干缩率(SV)变化的模型为:RLC＝9.472+0.005 TH+0.003 MOE+8.366 WD-2.302 SV胶合板的胶合强度(GS)随木材pH值(pH)、纤维长度(FL)、纤维宽度(FW)、导管比量(VP)、导管长度(VL)和木射线比量(RP)变化的模型为:GS＝3.326-0.268 pH-0.002 FL+0.191 FW-0.033 VP-0.004 VL+0.095 RP上述模型相关系数均在0.73以上,表明应用上述模型能够较好地对长江滩地人工林杨树单板和胶合板质量根据材性进行早期预测和加工工艺优化.     

Predicting the retreat and migration of tidal forests along the northern Gulf of Mexico under sea-level rise

Tidal freshwater forests in coastal regions of the southeastern United States are undergoing dieback and retreat from increasing tidal inundation and saltwater intrusion attributed to climate variability and sea-level rise. In many areas, tidal saltwater forests (mangroves) contrastingly are expanding landward in subtropical coastal reaches succeeding freshwater marsh and forest zones. Hydrological characteristics of these low-relief coastal forests in intertidal settings are dictated by the influence of tidal and freshwater forcing. In this paper, we describe the application of the Sea Level Over Proportional Elevation (SLOPE) model to predict coastal forest retreat and migration from projected sea-level rise based on a proxy relationship of saltmarsh/mangrove area and tidal range. The SLOPE model assumes that the sum area of saltmarsh/mangrove habitat along any given coastal reach is determined by the slope of the landform and vertical tide forcing. Model results indicated that saltmarsh and mangrove migration from sea-level rise will vary by county and watershed but greater in western Gulf States than in the eastern Gulf States where millions of hectares of coastal forest will be displaced over the next century with a near meter rise in relative sea level alone. Substantial losses of coastal forests will also occur in the eastern Gulf but mangrove forests in subtropical zones of Florida are expected to replace retreating freshwater forest and affect regional biodiversity. Accelerated global eustacy from climate change will compound the degree of predicted retreat and migration of coastal forests with expected implications for ecosystem management of State and Federal lands in the absence of adaptive coastal management.     

A suggested approach for design of oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus</Emphasis> L.) regeneration research considering regional differences

Research on oak (Quercus L.) regeneration has generally consisted of small-scale studies of treatments designed to favor oak, including consideration of site quality and topographic effects on oak regeneration. However, these experiments have not consistently factored in broader-scale ecological differences found in the eastern United States. Oak regeneration experiments should be replicated at appropriate ecological scales to address the similarities and differences in regeneration following prescribed silvicultural treatments among ecological units. Patterns in oak regeneration can be better understood in an ecological context by considering how oak species interact in the differing physical environments and are able to maintain dominance in changing complexes of competing vegetation among the selected eco-units. Our understanding of oak regeneration response to specific silvicultural practices and our ability to model regeneration is improved when we use replication, blocking, or factorial deployment of relatively small-scale (0.5–1.0 ha) treatment plots within an ecological classification system. We present an example of this approach to understanding oak regeneration dynamics in a synthesis of research to regenerate northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) by underplanting shelterwoods in Arkansas, Missouri and Indiana. We summarize important considerations to guide the design of future research in oak regeneration. Paul S. Johnson and David L. Graney—Retired U.S. Forest Service scientists.     

Modeling forage growth in a Midwest USA silvopastoral system

Tree effects on understory pasture growth in a silvopastoral system were modeled by explicit simulation of tree canopy light and rainfall interception, evapotranspiration, and nutrient uptake. The algorithms to model these effects were incorporated into a multispecies grazing simulation model, GRASIM, to form the Silvopasture GRASIM model (SGRASIM). The new model was evaluated using forage biomass data and soil moisture data collected from a silvopasture field experiment with black walnut (Juglans nigra L.). The SGRASIM model performed well in simulating the growth of three competing dominant forage species (orchardgrass [Dactylis glomerata L.], Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis L.], and tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.)] in the pasture both under tree canopy and in open pasture (linear regression of observed on simulated biomass for the species gave r ² values above 0.97). Model growth parameters for forage under tree canopy, compared with those for an open pasture, bear testament to the shading effects from the forest canopy in terms of reduced photosynthetic efficiency, increased leaf area ratio, and photosynthate partitioned to aboveground biomass. The new model reasonably followed the soil moisture time series in the upper soil layer (0–30 cm), where the bulk of the forage roots reside.     

Effects of reforestation on the hydrological function of a small watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

For vegetation communities with hydrological function in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the storm event distributed hydrological model Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS)-Storm was built based on modular modeling system developed by the US Geological Survey, and was employed to study the effects of forests on peak flows in the Xiangshuixi forest watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The results showed that: 1) this simulation study suggested that PRMS-Storm can meet the second level national flood prediction standards of China for simulating storm events of small forest watersheds, and can issue flood forecasting; 2) hydrological functions of different vegetation communities were evaluated, and three simulation scenarios were arranged: mixed conifer-broadleaf forests (scenario 1), broad-leaved forests (scenario 2), and general forests arrangement (scenario 3); 3) the well-arranged forest scenarios can reduce over 20% of surface runoff, result in an increase of over 16% in subsurface flow, and decrease peak flow by 20.8%, 9.6%, and 18.9%, respectively. The reduction of peak flow rates was significant when rainfall peak was higher than 0.8 mm/min, especially for short-term rainfall events. In general, we found that scenarios 1 and 3 were preferable for reducing peak flow rates and volumes in the reforestation practices in the study region, and scenario 1 was better than scenario 3, so the mixed conifer-broadleaf forests had the best hydrological function. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(5): 42–51 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

造型植物及其在园林绿化中的应用

本文介绍了造型植物的定义及其研究进展,并以珠海长隆园林景观中造型植物为例,浅谈了造型植物在国内应用情况,对造型植物的应用提出了建议,认为应该在植物引种、开拓应用范围、丰富植物种类,降低生产成本等方面加强研究。     

基于PRO/Mechanica的木质托盘结构联结系数分析

结构是影响木质托盘力学性能的主要因素之一,在实际设计和生产中,单凭试验很难确定结构对木质托盘力学性能的影响参数.通过对木质托盘的力学性能进行理论分析,推导出了其承载能力公式和挠度方程,应用PRO/E对2种常用类型的托盘建模,并应用PRO/Mechanica对模型进行受力分析,得出了它们的结构联结系数的取值范围,并通过试验验证其正确性.