Estimation of irrigation return flow from paddy fields considering the soil moisture

The objective of this study was to estimate irrigation return flow in irrigated paddy fields considering the soil moisture. The proposed model was applied to examine its feasibility with regard to the growing period of rice. Simulation results showed a good agreement between the observed and simulated values: root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.05-7.27 mm day⁻¹, coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.72-0.73, and coefficient of efficiency (E) of 0.54-0.55. The estimated average annual irrigation return flow during the period from 1998 to 2001 was 306.2 mm, which was approximately 25.7% of the annual irrigation amounts. Of this annual irrigation return flow, 14.1% was attributable to quick and 11.6% to delayed return flow. These results indicate that considerable amounts of irrigation water in the paddy fields were returned to streams and canals by surface runoff and groundwater discharge. The modeling assessment method proposed in this study can be used to manage agriculture water and estimate irrigation return flow under different hydrological and water management conditions.     

近红外光谱数据建模方法的研究进展

应用化学计量学对近红外光谱数据进行建模是近红外光谱分析中的难点和关键。随着研究的深入,现有分析建模的改进算法和新方法的应用不断出现。本文详细阐述了数据预处理、定性和定量建模优化方法的研究进展。在降噪消噪方法中,小波(WT)变换是最为常用和有效的工具,应用非常广泛。波长优化选择方法是现在研究的重点之一,主要有遗传算法(GA)、无信息变量消除方法(UVE)和连续投影算法(SPA)等。在模型优化算法中,主要是在偏最小二乘法(PLS)、人工神经网络(ANN)和支持向量机(SVM)的基础上提出多种改进算法,能够更加有效地优化模型。但每种算法各具优点的同时也存在着一定的局限性,对于不同类型待测物的数学模型,优化的方法也有所不同,所以在实际应用中将多种数学挖掘方法结合,相互取长补短,将成为今后研究趋势。      

虚拟现实系统中农业装备模型转换方

对几种典型的农业装备虚拟现实系统模型建立方法进行研究,比较分析了各自的优缺点.在VC++6.0环境下,通过UG和Creator双方二次开发相结合的方法,实现了从UG(CAD)到Creator(VR)的模型转换,通过直接转换建立了农业装备的虚拟现实模型.经过在虚拟现实系统中实验测试,该转换模型满足了农业装备虚拟现实的要求.     

家稗丙酮酸磷酸双激酶序列分析及三维结构建模

【研究目的】目前已从许多种植物中克隆了其PPDK基因,但是对于其蛋白结构的分析尚未报道,此文通过生物信息学方法对家稗PPDK的序列进行了分析,并对其三维结构进行了建模分析;【研究方法】利用DNASTAR、Vector NTI 9、SignalP等生物信息学平台对[Echinochloa crusgalli var frumentacea(Roxb.)W.F.Wight]丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase)进行了序列分析和三维结构建模;【研究结果】家稗丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(PPDK)同来自于高等植物的PPDK具有较高的同源性,无信号肽,存在17个跨膜结构区,二级结构是由许多螺旋、转角和少量折叠构成。同时在一二级结构分析的基础上,利用同源建模的方法完成了三维结构的建模。【结论】家稗PPDK蛋白同来自高等植物中的更为相近,无信号肽,有17个跨膜结构区,其三维结构为一同源四聚体。     

稻草与氨化稻草干物质采食量的模型化研究

本研究分别以稻草、氨化稻草为唯一能量和蛋白质来源,实测了山羊稻草、氨化稻草的干物质采食量(DMI),并借鉴现有成熟模型,建立了以稻草、氨化稻草的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)为预测因子的干物质采食量预测模型:DMI稻(g/d.kgMW)=30/NDF(%DM),DMI氨稻(g/d.kgMW)=39/NDF(%DM)。经验证,稻草、氨化稻草DMI预测模型的平均偏差(MD)分别为0.48g/d.kgMW与0.85g/d.kgMW,相应的平均预测方差(MSPE)为0.3599与1.0124。稻草与氨化稻草的MD、MSPE均很低,表明所建DMI预测模型精确可用。     

Evaluation of Water–Nitrogen Schemes for Rice in Iran,Using ORYZA2000 Model

The model ORYZA2000 simulates the growth and development of rice under conditions of potential production and water and nitrogen (N) limitations. Crop simulation models could provide an alternative, less time-consuming, and inexpensive means of determining the optimum crop N and irrigation requirements under varied irrigation and nitrogen conditions. Water productivity (WP) is a concept of partial productivity and denotes the amount or value of product over volume or value of water used. For the evaluated ORYZA2000 model in Iran, a study was carried out in a randomized complete block design between 2005 and 2007, with three replications at the Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht. Irrigation management (three regimes) was the main plot and N application (four levels) was the subplot. In this study, simulation modeling was used to quantify water productivity and water balance components of water and nitrogen interactions in rice. Evaluation simulated and measured total aboveground biomass and yield, by adjusted coefficient of correlation, T test of means, and absolute and normalized root mean square errors (RMSE). Results showed that with normalized root mean square errors (RMSE_n) of 5–28%, ORYZA2000 satisfactorily simulated crop biomass and yield that strongly varied among irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer conditions. Yield was simulated with an RMSE of 237–443 kg ha^?1 and a normalized RMSE of 5–11%. Results showed that the significant (28–56%) share of evaporation into evapotranspiration, using the actual yield (measured) and simulated water balance (ORYZA2000), the calculated average WP_ET was significantly lower than the average WP_T: 37%. The average WP_I, WP_I+R, WP_ET, WP_T, and WP_ETQ were 1.4, 1.07, 1.07, 1.57, and 0.82 kg m^?3. Results also showed that irrigation with 8-day intervals and 60 kg N ha^?1, nitrogen level was the optimum irrigation regime and nitrogen level.     

Rabies seroprevalence of street dogs from São Paulo City, Brazil

A sample of 602 street dogs captured by the São Paulo zoonosis-control municipal service was analyzed for the presence of serum antibodies against the rabies virus and compared to a control sample of 37 dogs from the kennel of the police of São Paulo. Data were stratified into 4 age intervals and the age from the street-dog sample was estimated by general aspects and dental observation according to standard techniques. We assumed that seropositivity was due to previous vaccination (no sub-clinical infection). From the prevalence data, we estimated the age-dependent incidence-density rate of vaccination by a simple mathematical model, which also allowed the estimation of the period of antibody protection given by the supposed vaccination. Crude seroprevalence in the street-dog sample was 16.5% and in the sample from the police-kennel dogs was 80%. The average age of first vaccination calculated for the street-dog sample was 5 years of age (if we assumed an average period of vaccine protection of 3 years) — but 5 months of age for the police-kennel sample.     

Modeling radiation transfer within the canopy of a Chinese fir plantation

Calculation of radiation transfer within the canopy of a plantation on sloped sites is described. The canopy was assumed to consist of evenly cone-shaped crowns. Within-tree shading by object tree and between-tree shading by tree crowns around the object tree were differentiated. The two-dimensional needle area density (NAD) was introduced in the calculation of radiation transfer and interception. The model was validated with measurements of both daily photosynthetic photo flux density (PPFD) and daily photosynthetic radiation at tens of points within the crown of a 17-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation growing on a sloped site. Simulation showed that modeled data closely matched measurements. Simulation errors likely result from the uneven size of tree crowns, irregular crown shape, grouping of needles to shoots and twigs, etc. Scattering radiation amounted to below 10%, in most cases, of daily radiation, and its uncertainty was relatively small.     

A multi-analysis approach for space–time and economic evaluation of risks related with livestock diseases: The example of FMD in Peru

This study presents a multi-disciplinary decision-support tool, which integrates geo-statistics, social network analysis (SNA), spatial-stochastic spread model, economic analysis and mapping/visualization capabilities for the evaluation of the sanitary and socio-economic impact of livestock diseases under diverse epidemiologic scenarios. We illustrate the applicability of this tool using foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Peru as an example. The approach consisted on a flexible, multistep process that may be easily adapted based on data availability. The first module (mI) uses a geo-statistical approach for the estimation (if needed) of the distribution and abundance of susceptible population (in the example here, cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and camelids) at farm-level in the region or country of interest (Peru). The second module (mII) applies SNA for evaluating the farm-to-farm contact patterns and for exploring the structure and frequency of between-farm animal movements as a proxy for potential disease introduction or spread. The third module (mIII) integrates mI–II outputs into a spatial-stochastic model that simulates within- and between-farm FMD-transmission. The economic module (mIV) connects outputs from mI–III to provide an estimate of associated direct and indirect costs. A visualization module (mV) is also implemented to graph and map the outputs of module I–IV. After 1000 simulated epidemics, the mean (95% probability interval) number of outbreaks, infected animals, epidemic duration, and direct costs were 37 (1, 1164), 2152 (1, 13, 250), 63 days (0, 442), and US$ 1.2 million (1072, 9.5 million), respectively. Spread of disease was primarily local (<4.5 km), but geolocation and type of index farm strongly influenced the extent and spatial patterns of an epidemic. The approach is intended to support decisions in the last phase of the FMD eradication program in Peru, in particular to inform and support the implementation of risk-based surveillance and livestock insurance systems that may help to prevent and control potential FMD virus incursions into Peru.     

基于GIS的决策气象服务图形产品设计与实现

利用GIS软件和MSPGS组件生成重庆市决策气象服务图形产品地图模板,利用数据融合技术对气象数据进行转换,使其既能被GIS软件识别,又可以在Micaps软件中使用,并通过建立模型,登陆MSPGS的客户端进行任务的定制和自动执行,实现了决策气象服务图形产品的自动生成,有效节约了时间,增强了决策气象服务产品的时效性和针对性。