药用真菌双向固体发酵草乌后菌质对小鼠的急性毒性及致大鼠心律失常作用

[目的]研究药用真菌灵芝、茯苓、红栓菌和扇菇菌运用双向固体发酵草乌后菌质(分别称为灵乌菌质、茯乌菌质、栓乌菌质和扇乌菌质)对小鼠的急性毒性作用和对大鼠心脏毒性的影响.[方法]运用双向发酵技术获得菌质,根据急性毒性预试验结果进行最大耐受量试验,采用Powerlab生理信号记录系统,通过观察大鼠Ⅱ导联心电图变化研究不同药物对大鼠的心脏毒性.[结果]相同剂量下灌胃给药,在给药7d后各处理组小鼠体重增长明显低于正常对照组;给药14 d后,灵乌菌质组体重增长很快,接近于正常对照组;与炮制品组相比,灵乌菌质组、扇乌菌质组和栓乌菌质组对大鼠心律失常发生次数有显著性降低作用(P ＜0.05或P＜0.01),而茯乌菌质组对大鼠心律失常的影响和炮制品组没有显著差异;各发酵组间没有显著差异.[结论]灵乌菌质、扇乌菌质和栓乌菌质具有降低心律失常发生率的作用.     

添加剂对不同比例豆禾混贮饲料品质的影响

本试验以豆禾混播牧草为原料,研究蔗糖、复合菌和蔗糖+复合菌3种添加剂对混贮饲料品质的影响。结果表明:添加剂可明显降低混贮饲料的pH值,同时增加乳酸含量,降低氨态氮与总氮之间的比例,起到改善豆禾混贮饲料品质的作用。青贮发酵后,W12组合pH值为3.78,氨态氮与总氮的比为6.14%,乳酸含量高,达8.45%,发酵品质较好。     

1株解淀粉芽孢杆菌B7快速液态发酵优化工艺研究

本试验以1株饲用益生菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌B7（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B7，B.amyloliquefaciens B7）为研究对象，为了增强其在液态条件下的发酵水平，提高其芽孢发酵工艺优化效率，拟采用测定芽孢吡啶二羧酸（dipicolonic acid，DPA）浓度的方法来代替传统的平板芽孢计数法，以探讨此测定方法在芽孢发酵优化工艺中的可行性。首先，通过单因素试验筛选出对菌株产孢有显著促进作用的因子，进一步通过正交优化试验确定蛋白胨、玉米粉、大米蛋白粉和Mn²⁺组合的最优水平。结果表明，发酵液中的芽孢浓度与测定的DPA荧光强度呈线性相关，在蛋白胨20 g/L、玉米粉10 g/L、大米蛋白粉20 g/L、Mn²⁺1.0 mmol/L时发酵48 h，检测到DPA荧光强度达到最大，其相应的芽孢浓度达到7.0×10⁹ CFU/mL。与实验室常用的LB培养基相比，芽孢浓度提高了3.3倍；与工业生产用培养基相比，芽孢浓度提高了2.2倍。本研究为芽孢杆菌发酵过程中芽孢浓度测定提供了一种快速方法，为工业菌株B.amyloliquefaciens B7的发酵提供了一种成分简单且高产芽孢的培养基。     

斑茅纤维降解生产燃料酒精的发酵工艺研究

以能源植物斑茅纤维为原料,探讨纤维素糖化液生产燃料酒精的发酵工艺研究,分析了时间、温度、pH、氮源种类、酵母膏用量与酵母用量等因素对斑茅纤维素酒精发酵的影响。结果表明:反应时间72~96h,温度35℃,pH4.8~5.2,酵母膏氮源用量0.8%~1.0%,酵母用量10%~15%时斑茅纤维糖化液的酒精发酵效果最好。通过正交试验确定了最佳发酵条件:时间84h、温度35℃、酵母膏用量1.2%、酵母用量20%,发酵验证酒精值达4.6%(V/V),酒精得率32.62%。     

一株Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌特性

为筛选西瓜枯萎病拮抗菌株并探究其抑菌特性,以齐齐哈尔市青昕蔬菜基地根际土为材料,采用平板对峙法筛选到1株能高效抑制西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum,Fon)的拮抗菌株,通过形态特征、16S rDNA、gyrA和gyrB序列分析鉴定其菌种;通过盆栽试验验证拮抗菌株对西瓜枯萎病的抑制作用;采用生长速率法研究拮抗菌株不同生长时期的无菌发酵滤液及其不同贮存条件下的抑菌能力;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)观察并分析无菌发酵滤液对Fon孢子形态和膜完整性的影响。结果表明,拮抗菌株WD为Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,能有效抑制西瓜枯萎病的发生,抑制率达到57.57%,其无菌发酵滤液在衰亡期有较高的抑菌能力,对Fon菌丝生长抑制率为54.32%;无菌发酵滤液对温度、pH具有较高的耐受性,30 ℃、pH 7时抑菌活性最强,抑菌率可达58.36%;在4 ℃贮存至少45 d,且紫外光照120 min内对其抑菌活性没有影响;Fon孢子暴露在WD无菌发酵滤液下,孢子表面皱缩凹陷,膜完整性被破坏。综上所述,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens WD是1株高效的拮抗菌株,为西瓜枯萎病生防菌剂的研发与利用奠定了基础。     

豆粕酶解发酵物对仔猪生长性能、血清指标及肠道菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在研究豆粕酶解发酵物对仔猪生长性能、血清指标及肠道菌群结构的影响。选用144头49日龄健康的"杜×长×大"三元杂交育肥仔猪,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母各占1/2)。阴性对照组饲喂无抗生素添加的基础饲粮,抗生素对照组饲喂基础饲粮+60 g/t吉他霉素,试验组饲喂试验饲粮(基础饲粮中10%豆粕被豆粕酶解发酵物替代)。试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)试验组仔猪的末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量分别比阴性对照组高5.06%、10.07%、5.03%(P0.05),腹泻率比阴性对照组低39.59%(P0.05),与抗生素对照组相比各指标差异均不显著(P0.05)。2)试验组仔猪血清碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于阴性对照组(P0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于阴性对照组(P0.05);试验组和抗生素对照组仔猪血清指标差异不显著(P0.05)。3)试验组仔猪盲肠、大肠中乳酸杆菌数量显著高于阴性对照组和抗生素对照组(P0.05),十二指肠中总细菌数显著低于阴性对照组和抗生素对照组(P0.05)。综上,豆粕酶解发酵物能提高仔猪生长性能,增强机体抗氧化能力,利于乳酸杆菌在肠道内形成优势菌群,降低腹泻率,生长性能达到使用抗生素水平。     

Effects of Adding Mannan Oligosaccharides to Diets with Different Concentrate to Forage Ratios on Ruminal Fermentation of Sheep in vitro

The test was aimed at determining the effects of adding MOS to diets with different concentrate to forage ratios on ruminal fermentation of sheep in vitro.The 4×6 two-factor experimental design was chosen.There were 4 diets with different concentrate to forage ratios(20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50) and added to 6 dosages MOS(0, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6% and 2.0%), respectively.The method of gas production in vitro was used to measure the total gas and CH₄ production, IVDMD, IVCPD and IVOMD after cultured for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h.The results showed that the gas(except 12 and 24 h) and CH₄ production(except 9 h) were not impacted by the two factors(P>0.05).The IVDMD, IVCPD and IVOMD were significantly affected by concentrate to forage ratios(P<0.05), while the IVCPD at 24 h was significantly affected by MOS(P<0.05).Meanwhile, all the indexes were not influenced by the interaction of two factors(P>0.05).The IVDMD and IVOMD increased with the rising of concentrate approximately, while the IVCPD decreased with the rising of MOS roughly.The biggest associative effect was gained in 30:70 concentrate to forage diet when adding 1.2% MOS.     

复盐胁迫下结缕草K~+、Na~+吸收与运输的特点

用2种中性盐(Na Cl和Na2SO4)模拟江苏沿海滩涂土壤盐碱条件,配制不同复盐浓度,对大穗结缕草(Zoysia macrostachya)和中华结缕草(Zoysia sinica)进行30 d复盐胁迫处理,分别测定根和叶中K~+、Na~+含量,探讨复盐胁迫下2种结缕草K~+、Na~+吸收与运输特点。结果表明:随着盐胁迫浓度的增加,2种结缕草根和叶中Na~+的含量逐渐升高,中华结缕草的Na~+含量大于大穗结缕草;2种结缕草根和叶中K~+的含量呈现不同的变化趋势,根中2种结缕草K~+含量先增加后降低,但大穗结缕草K~+含量增加较大,叶中2种结缕草K~+含量总体呈现增加的趋势。2种结缕草根和叶片中K~+/Na~+随盐浓度增加而逐渐降低,但叶片中K~+/Na~+大于根中K~+/Na~+,表明盐胁迫促进了K~+向叶片运输。大穗结缕草的SK,Na逐渐降低,中华结缕草的SK,Na先降低后升高,说明2种结缕草对K~+和Na~+的选择性运输特点不同。     

落叶松油松人工混交林经营技术探讨

通过研究落叶松、油松混交林整个发育过程中不同阶段相应的经营管理措施，总结提出了一套切实可行的落叶松、油松混交林经营管理技术。其技术能有效提高林木生长速率，调整林分结构，优化树种组成，提高木材质量，为落叶松、油松混交林的经营管理提供技术支持。     

Influence of Aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) as a Natural Feed Additive on Cecal Fermentation Kinetics of Some Forage Species in Horse Feeding

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different dose levels of aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) on in vitro cecal gas, methane (CH₄), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) productions of five forage species (Avena sativa [hay]), Moringa oleifera, Caesalpinia coriacea, Salix babylonica, and Eichhornia crassipes using inocula from the horse. The forage samples were incubated with three doses of aguamiel: 0, 34, and 68 μg of aguamiel/g dry matter (DM) of substrate. Cecal inocula were collected from four adult female Criolla horses (3–4 years of age and weighing 300 ± 15.0 kg) grazed on native grasses for about 8 hours without supplementation. Forage type affected (P < .001) cecal asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g DM), pH and DM degradability. Aguamiel dose had linear and quadratic effects (P < .05) on the asymptotic and rate of CH₄ productions and rate and lag time of CO₂ productions (mL/g DM). Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were significant (P < .05) for asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, and CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g DM). Forage species effects were pronounced (P < .05) on CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g incubated and degraded DM) and proportional CH₄ production at all hours of incubation, except for CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM). Aguamiel dose affected (P < .05) CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO₂ production at the incubated hours. Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were observed (P < .05) for CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO₂ production at the incubated hours but had no impact on CH₄ production. It is concluded that addition of aguamiel to five forage species affected fermentation kinetics of gas production resulting in different in vitro cecal gas, CH₄ and CO₂ productions from these substrates.