体外法研究脂多糖对瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在通过体外法研究脂多糖(LPS)对瘤胃发酵的影响。选取4头健康、体况相近、安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛用于瘤胃液的采集。试验分为对照组(不添加LPS)和试验组(添加LPS 100 000 EU/m L),分别在发酵2、4、8、12、24 h后取样,测定发酵液p H及挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮、微生物蛋白浓度。结果表明:随着发酵时间的延长,对照组与试验组发酵液p H逐渐下降,发酵液总挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮、微生物蛋白浓度及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量逐渐增加,对照组与试验组之间均无显著差异(P0.05),但在8、24 h试验组发酵液p H与对照组相比有降低的趋势(0.05≤P0.10),4、8、24 h试验组氨态氮浓度与对照组相比有降低的趋势(0.05≤P0.10)。结果显示,在体外发酵条件下,添加LPS具有降低发酵液p H以及氨态氮浓度的趋势,但这一影响并不显著。     

Use of monosodium glutamate by‐product in cow diet on performance of lactating dairy cows

Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were monosodium glutamate by‐product (MSGB) replacement for soybean meal in concentrate at four levels: MSGB replacement at 0, 20, 40 and 60%, respectively. Pangola hay was given on an ad libitum basis. It was found that total dry matter intake, concentrate intake, pangola hay intake and all apparent digestibilities were not different among treatments. Ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen at 4 h post‐feeding was significantly different, in which the 0% treatment had the highest (P < 0.05) while the 20% treatment had the lowest. Milk fat percentage was the highest (P < 0.05) in the 0% treatment. MSGB replacement at 40% and 60% were shown to be the lowest (P < 0.05) feed cost for milk production, and profitability of milk production was the highest (P < 0.05) for the 60% treatment. Based on this experiment, it could be concluded that MSGB replacement for soybean meal at 20‐60% in the feed for dairy cows presented no negative effects on their performances. In addition, it could decrease feed cost 2.9‐17.3% and increase milk production profit up to 33.3% in the 60% treatment.     

复合菌发酵玉米蛋白粉的条件优化

试验旨在研究复合菌（黑曲霉、乳酸菌、酵母菌和地衣芽孢杆菌）发酵玉米蛋白粉的优化条件。通过各菌种玉米蛋白粉水解驯化试验、菌种混合比例及发酵条件（温度、时间、含水量及初始pH）的正交试验,以玉米蛋白粉多肽得率为指标,确定发酵玉米蛋白粉的最优发酵条件。并在此条件下,测定发酵液中粗蛋白质、总糖、还原糖、氨基酸含量以及多肽得率。结果显示,正交试验优化的最佳接种比例为地衣芽孢杆菌4%、乳酸菌4%、酵母菌6%、黑曲霉6%,最佳发酵条件为发酵温度35℃、发酵时间84 h、含水量45%、初始pH为6,在此条件下多肽得率为44.03%。在发酵过程中,粗蛋白质含量和多肽得率呈上升趋势,发酵终止时,粗蛋白质含量提高了15.17%,多肽得率提高了205%,还原糖含量提高了850%,总必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量分别增加了12.58%和12.37%。本试验结果可为扩大玉米蛋白粉的应用提供科学依据。     

添加物料和菌剂对日喀则地区马铃薯茎叶青贮品质的影响

以日喀则地区马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)茎叶为原料制作青贮饲料,分别与玉米(Zea mays)面、小麦(Triticum aestivum)麸、聚合草(Symphytum officinale)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、青饲玉米、燕麦草(Arrhenatherum elatius)、干青稞(Hordeum vulgare)秸秆、干油菜(Brassica napus)壳等材料混贮,以甲酸、尿素、食盐和6种生物菌剂(A,活性乳酸菌冻干粉;B,益加益秸秆发酵剂;C,千牧EM菌原种;D,百益宝EM菌种;E,微特美益生菌种;F,粗饲料降解剂)为添加剂,聚乙烯袋真空包装分别于发酵30、60、90d后进行感官评定及生化分析,采用隶属函数法综合评价青贮品质。结果表明,日喀则地区马铃薯茎叶青贮饲料在制作后30d已经基本完成发酵进入青贮稳定阶段,能长期有效保持饲料的水分及营养物质。单独的马铃薯茎叶青贮效果差,添加生物菌剂、甲酸、麦麸、玉米面、青饲玉米秸秆、燕麦草可以改善青贮品质,其中添加麦麸的效果优于玉米面,添加青饲玉米优于添加燕麦草。聚合草含水量高、紫花苜蓿营养丰富,但是与马铃薯茎叶混贮发酵效果差。干油菜壳不适于与马铃薯茎叶混贮。菌剂A、B的青贮效果要优于E、F。研究得出,马铃薯茎叶+30%麦麸,马铃薯茎叶+0.3%尿素+0.4%食盐+30%麦麸+D,茎叶+30%麦麸+B这3个青贮处理效果较好。     

青贮微生物及其对青贮饲料发酵品质影响的研究进展

青贮微生物在饲料发酵过程中起关键作用。无论是牧草表面附着的微生物还是外源添加的微生物菌剂在青贮发酵过程中对青贮微生物的群落结构及其演替过程都起着重要的作用,而青贮发酵过程中微生物的群落结构及其演替过程与代谢产物很大程度上影响着青贮饲料的发酵品质。本文阐述了青贮微生物群落结构,微生物在青贮过程中的演替及其对青贮饲料品质的影响。从目前研究结果来看,不同牧草及同种牧草生长在不同环境中其表面附着微生物存在很大差异。添加乳酸菌对提高青贮品质效果不稳定,还需了解牧草附着微生物特性决定是否需要接种乳酸菌以得到优质青贮饲料。     

Effect of ensiling whole crop oat with lucerne in different ratios on fermentation quality,aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility on the Tibetan plateau

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ensiling different ratios of whole crop oat to lucerne on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of silage on the Tibetan plateau. Four experimental treatments were produced varying in the ratio of forages on a fresh matter (FM) basis: 1) 100% oat (control, dry matter (DM) content: 317 g/kg), 2) 90% oat + 10% lucerne (OL10, DM content: 316 g/kg), 3) 80% oat+ 20% lucerne (OL20, DM content: 317 g/kg) and 4) 70% oat+ 30% lucerne (OL30, DM content: 318 g/kg). All treatments were packed into laboratory‐scale silos and ensiled for 60 days and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 15 days. Further, the four experimental treatments were incubated in vitro with buffered rumen fluid to study the nutrient digestibility. All silages were well preserved with low pH and NH₃‐N contents, and high lactic acid contents and V‐scores (evaluation of silage quality). Increasing the lucerne proportion increased (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) content of silage, whereas neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre contents were not affected. Under aerobic conditions, the control silage showed higher (p < 0.05) yeast counts (>10⁵ cfu/g FM) followed by OL10 silage, and OL10 silage improved aerobic stability for 74 h. OL20 and OL30 silages showed fewer (p < 0.05) yeasts (<10⁵ cfu/g FM) and markedly (p < 0.05) improved the aerobic stability (>360 h). After 48‐h incubation, OL30 silage increased (p < 0.05) in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (IVNDFD) compared with the control silage. These results suggest that replacing oat with lucerne had no unfavourable effects on fermentation quality of silage, but improved CP content, aerobic stability IVDMD and IVNDFD. OL30 silage was the best among the three mixed silages.     

猪用发酵床的研究与应用

新型微生物发酵床养猪技术是一种新兴的无公害养猪技术,它可有效地解决猪生产中的粪便处理和环境污染问题,改善猪的福利状况,利于猪只的生长和发育,其环保性和经济性明显优于集约化,规模化养猪方式。本文介绍了微生物发酵床的概念、分类和工艺流程,讨论了其技术要点和应用效果,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Seasonal changes in digestibility, passage rate and rumen fermentation of alfalfa hay in sika deer (Cervus nippon) under restricted feeding

To investigate seasonal variations in the digestive functions of sika deer, five female sika deer were provided with an amount of alfalfa hay cubes equivalent to voluntary food intake during winter. We measured the rate at which the food passed through the digestive tract, digestibility and rumen fermentation during the summer (August), autumn (November), winter (February) and spring (May). Total mean retention time in the digestive tract during summer and autumn was numerically longer than that in winter and spring, but the difference did not reach significance. Organic matter and fiber were less digestible in summer and autumn than in winter and spring (P < 0.05), whereas the digestibility of the dry matter tended to vary with the seasons (P < 0.1). Ruminal pH values seasonally changed (P < 0.01), and were the lowest in autumn. The concentration of ruminal ammonia‐nitrogen differed significantly among the seasons (P < 0.05), increasing in winter and decreasing during spring and summer. The numbers of protozoa changed significantly among the seasons (P < 0.05), being higher in autumn than in winter and spring, and intermediate in summer. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids was not seasonally affected, but the molar percentages of propionic acid and butyric acid significantly changed according to season (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), and the ratio of acetic to propionic acid tended to change with the seasons (P < 0.1). The results of this study suggested that the digestive functions in sika deer, fed a commercial diet at a restricted level, differed notably among the seasons and these variations might partially be due to environmental effects.     

猪用发酵床的研究与应用

新型微生物发酵床养猪技术是一种新兴的无公害养猪技术,它可有效地解决猪生产中的粪便处理和环境污染问题,改善猪的福利状况,利于猪只的生长和发育,其环保性和经济性明显优于集约化,规模化养猪方式.本文介绍了微生物发酵床的概念、分类和工艺流程,讨论了其技术要点和应用效果,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

饲粮中添加籽粒苋对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、血液指标和生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加籽粒苋青贮和干草对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血液指标和生产性能的影响。选取产奶量、胎次和泌乳天数等相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛45头,随机分成3组,每组15头牛。对照组粗饲料包括全株玉米青贮、羊草和苜蓿干草,试验Ⅰ组粗饲料使用籽粒苋青贮替代30%玉米青贮,试验Ⅱ组粗饲料使用籽粒苋干草替代30%苜蓿干草。3组饲粮营养水平接近。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组能显著提高粗蛋白质(CP)表观消化率、瘤胃液氨态氮(NH_3-N)和血液总氨基酸(T-AA)的含量(P0.05),对其他营养物质表观消化率、血液指标和乳成分影响不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组的血液T-AA含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),对其他血液指标、瘤胃发酵指标、营养物质表观消化率和乳成分均无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加适量的籽粒苋不会影响奶牛的生产性能,同时会提高牧场经济效益。