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61.
Previous work has hypothesised that cows in low body condition become lame. We tested this in a prospective longitudinal study. Body condition score (BCS), causes of lameness and milk yield were collected from a 600-cow herd over 44-months. Mixed effect binomial models and a continuous outcome model were used to investigate the associations between lameness, BCS and milk yield. In total, 14,320 risk periods were obtained from 1137 cows. There were 1510 lameness treatments: the most common causes of lameness were sole ulcer (SU) (39%), sole haemorrhage (SH) (13%), digital dermatitis (DD) (10%) and white line disease (WLD) (8%). These varied by year and year quarter. Body condition was scored at 60-day intervals. BCS ranged from 1 to 5 with a mean of 2.5, scores were higher in very early lactation but varied widely throughout lactation; approximately 45% of scores were <2.5. The key finding was that BCS < 2.5 was associated with an increased risk of treatment for lameness in the following 0–2 months and >2–4 months for all causes of lameness and also specifically for SU/WLD lameness. BCS < 2.5 was associated with an increased risk of treatment for SH in the following 0–2 months but not >2–4 months. There was no such association with DD. All lameness, SU/WLD, SH and DD were significantly more likely to occur in cows that had been lame previously, but the effect of BCS was present even when all repeat cases of lameness were excluded from the analysis. Milk yield was significantly higher and fell in the month before treatment in cows lame with SU/WLD but it was not significantly higher for cows that were treated for DD compared with non-lame cows. These findings support the hypothesis that low BCS contributes to the development of horn related claw lameness but not infectious claw diseases in dairy cows. One link between low BCS and lameness is a thin digital cushion which has been proposed as a trigger for claw horn disease. Cows with BCS 2 produced more milk than cows with BCS 2.5, however, this was only approximately 100 kg difference in yield over a 305-day lactation. Given the increased risk of lameness in cows with BCS 2, the direct costs of lameness and the small variability in milk yield by BCS, preventing cows from falling to BCS < 2.5 would improve cow welfare and be economically beneficial. 相似文献
62.
Georgina Limon Elisa G. Lewis Yu-Mei Chang Hugo Ruiz Maria Elba Balanza Javier Guitian 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2014
Livestock disease surveillance is particularly challenging in resource-scarce settings, where disease events are often unreported. Surveillance performance is determined as much by the quantifiable biological attributes of the disease, as it is by motivations and barriers perceived by livestock keepers for disease reporting. Mixed methods designs, which integrate the collection, analysis and interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data in a single study, are increasingly used across different disciplines. These designs allow for a deeper exploration of the topic under investigation, than can be achieved by either approach alone. 相似文献
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[目的]评价0.5%毒死蜱药肥混剂对韭菜韭蛆的防治效果。[方法]于2012~2013年,在山东省烟台市福山区进行了0.5%毒死蜱药肥混剂防治韭菜韭蛆田间药效试验。[结果]0.5%毒死蜱药肥混剂在1875g/hm2施用量下,2012和2013年药后21d的防效分别达77.15%和80.00%,21d虫口防效分别达99.55%和97.30%,增产效果分别为59.06%和30.09%,显著高于对照药剂5%毒死蜱颗粒剂。[结论]应用0.5%毒死蜱药肥混剂防治韭蛆,推荐使用剂量为l125~1875g/hm2。 相似文献
68.
蔬菜茎叶青绿多汁,适口性好,含有丰富的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维,是牲畜的优质饲料.然而,除了小部分作为青绿饲料直接饲喂动物外,大部分蔬菜茎叶下脚料被遗弃或抛弃,这不仅造成资源浪费,而且造成环境污染.通过青贮等方式将蔬菜茎叶加工成动物饲料,既可以提高其利用价值,又可以取得良好的社会效益.对蔬菜茎叶混合青贮技术、影响青贮效果的因素及其在养殖业中的应用进行了综述. 相似文献
69.
除草剂混合标准溶液中标准物质稳定性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
选取德国DR公司生产的28种除草剂标准物质,将其配制成混合标准溶液后转移至20 mL带聚四氟乙烯衬盖的棕色螺口样品瓶中,于-18℃避光贮存,采用液相色谱串联质谱法测试各组分量值随贮存时间的变化。结果表明:在90天内,标准物质各组分量值的标准偏差在12~73μg/L范围内,最大相对标准偏差为3.04%(n=5),测量结果的相对不确定度小于5.60%。在置信度为95%时,标准物质各组分量值在(1 000±113)μg/L范围内,测量的偏差不显著。在不超过标准物质的有效期内,稀释混合分装后的标准物质可保存90天。 相似文献
70.
Forest management can seriously modify the biodiversity of forest dwelling species, but the consequences are poorly known for certain taxa, particularly soil fauna, for which few studies have been published. We compared the biodiversity of dictyostelids cellular slime moulds in a managed and an unmanaged forest in the French Alps and analysed the influence of environmental factors on species richness and abundance of dictyostelids. To our knowledge, this study is the first one undertaken in the European Alps. We must better understand the influence of various environmental factors on the biodiversity of these organisms if we want to accurately define their functional role in the soil. In our study, dictyostelids showed lower levels of diversity compared to previously published results. The mean species richness of dictyostelids was marginally higher in unmanaged than in managed forests and biodiversity indices were significantly correlated with elevation and pH. This suggests that environmental factors have a predominant effect on the biodiversity of dictyostelids and that the effect of forest management is secondary. 相似文献