灵芝孢子粉中孢子油提取及生物活性的研究

采用超临界CO2萃取法提取灵芝孢子油,通过正交试验确定最佳萃取条件是：萃取压力、温度、时间分别为25MPa、45℃、60min,CO2流量25L／h,在此条件下出油率可达3.96％。灵芝孢子油具有清除NaNO2和DPPH（1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl）自由基的作用,并且其清除作用随孢子油用量的增加而增加。     

杀菌剂对昆虫病原真菌块耳霉孢子萌发的影响

研究了10种杀真菌剂在田间使用浓度的中间浓度及其10倍稀释液下,对昆虫病原真菌块耳霉孢子萌发的影响。结果表明各杀菌剂对块耳霉孢子萌发有不同程度的抑制,浓度愈高,抑制作用愈大。多菌灵、普力克对孢子的抑制作用最小,与块耳霉表现出良好的相容性,是与块耳霉实施菌药合用的候选药剂。施保功、大生、达科宁3种杀菌剂对块耳霉孢子的杀伤力最大,在两种浓度下孢子萌发率均为0。施佳乐、速克灵和敌力脱在低浓度下,与块耳霉的相容性良好,处理后24～48 h与对照无显著性差异;但在中间浓度水平下,处理后48 h孢子萌发率分别为12.45％,0,0。其余药剂随处理时间和浓度不同,对块耳霉孢子萌发有不同程度的抑制。     

香菇不同交配型单核体亲本配合力的测定

采用香菇栽培菌株苏香和野生菌株HL7 6各 4种不同交配型的孢子单核体为亲本进行 4× 4不完全双列杂交 ,对菌丝生长速度、产量等 13个性状一般配合力和特殊配合力进行了初步分析。结果表明 ,同一单核体在不同性状中具有不同的一般配合力 ,不同单核体在同一性状中亦具有不同的一般配合力 ,并且一般配合力较高的单核体的杂交组合在 13个性状中的平均变异系数较小。同时发现 ,从整体上看 ,栽培菌株苏香的一般配合力高于野生菌株的一般配合力。在 16个供试杂交组合中 ,A1B2×A4B4在菌丝生长速度性状、有关发育期、产量及子实体形状等性状方面的SCA相对效应值符合育种目标 ,是比较理想的组合。     

萘乙酸对橡胶树胶胞炭疽菌生长速率、孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率的影响

橡胶树炭疽病是影响橡胶树割胶生产的重要病害之一,主要由胶孢炭疽菌和尖孢炭疽菌侵染引起的,在世界各大植胶地区引起了无数橡胶树叶片脱落,甚至整株死亡,给当地的橡胶产业发展造成了严重损失。本实验主要采用菌落生长速率法、孢子萌发测试法等常规植物病理学方法研究萘乙酸对橡胶树胶胞炭疽菌RC169生长速率、孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率的影响。结果表明,低浓度时萘乙酸对RC169菌丝生长、孢子的萌发和附着胞的形成具有促进作用,但随着用药浓度的升高,其促进作用变为抑制作用,且抑制作用随之规律性增强。     

Precipitation as the most affecting factor on soil–plant environment conditions affects the mycorrhizal spore numbers in three different ecological zones in Turkey

Mycorrhizal symbiosis is the one of the most important relationship between microbiota and plants to sustain plant nutrition in relatively unfavourable conditions. Somehow this relation is threatened by time, therefore, definition of the factors effecting mycorrhizal symbiosis has become essential. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in specific mycorrhizal parameters such as sporulation and soil–plant environment conditions in three different regions of Turkey. During 1996?2002, 53 soil series were selected from natural and agricultural plant communities in three different agro-ecological zones of Turkey: Central Anatolia (CA), the Southeastern Anatolian (SA) project area and the Coast of Mediterranean (CM). The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), spore numbers and mycorrhizal root colonization were related to the annual average precipitation, soil characteristics and host plant identity.

In the CM zone (average annual precipitation of 650?mm), soils found under natural vegetation contained a maximum value of 108?spores?g^?1, with bare soils containing a minimum number of 0.1?spores?g^?1. In the CA zone (330?mm annual average precipitation), the maximum number of spores in the soil samples was 46.5?spores?g^?1 with a minimum of 6.8?spores?g^?1 and in the SA soil samples (380?mm annual average precipitation), a maximum of 48.4?spores?g^?1 and a minimum of 14.2?spores?g^?1 were recorded. The overall mean number of mycorrhizal spores g^?1 soil was 15.5?±?14.4, 22.2?±?8.6 and 27.9?±?25.4 for the CA, SA and CM zones, respectively. Mean spore numbers differed in only two of the three zones, with the third zone being intermediate. Precipitation was the most affecting factor on the sporulation of AMF. Also host plant species and certain soil parameters, such as positive correlations with CaCO₃ and N-min and a negative correlation with organic matter, have an influence on sporulation.

The key finding is that the cropping system has a large impact on spore numbers/abundance. Seventeen standing crops as well as bare soil, fallow and natural areas were compared. There are a large number of factors which can affect mycorrhizal development; in the present work, it seems that soil and crop management, and environmental factors (such as precipitation) affect sporulation and root colonization. Covering land surface with mycorrhiza-dependent cover crop, irrigation and less soil till may increase indigenous mycorrhizal spores.     

An assay for quantitative virulence in Rhynchosporium commune reveals an association between effector genotype and virulence

Detailed knowledge of the evolutionary genetics of virulence is needed to understand and predict host–pathogen dynamics. This study used a virulence assay based on digital image analysis and treated virulence as a quantitative rather than a binary trait. Such quantitative data may better reflect the genetic underpinning of virulence in many pathogen systems and provide better resolution in statistical investigations. A greenhouse experiment based on a common garden design was conducted to measure virulence (% of leaf area covered by lesions) of 126 genetically distinct isolates of the barley scald pathogen, Rhynchosporium commune, originating from nine field populations around the world. Virulence in this pathosystem was found to be a quantitative trait with a continuous distribution in all populations. By comparing population genetic differentiation for virulence and neutral microsatellite markers (i.e. a Q_ST/G_ST comparison), evidence that virulence is under stabilizing selection across populations was found. Heritability values were high and ranged from 0·52 to 0·96 with a mean heritability of 0·84. Virulence was positively correlated with spore production as predicted by the trade‐off theory of virulence evolution. Furthermore, an association analysis between virulence and sequence haplotypes of three known necrosis‐inducing effector genes (NIP1, NIP2 and NIP3) revealed a significant effect of NIP2 haplotypes and NIP1 deletions. Overall, the results support a quantitative model for virulence in the R. commune–barley pathosystem and very high evolutionary potential for this trait.     

大丽轮枝菌拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌8-28菌株产芽孢条件优化

为提高大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahilae Kleb)拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)8-28菌株的芽孢形成率及芽孢数量,在摇瓶发酵基础上对影响菌株芽孢形成主要因素进行研究.通过单因素试验确定最佳碳源麦芽糊精、氮源黄豆饼粉、无机盐K2HPO4和MuSO4·H2O;采用正交试验对发酵培养基进行优化,摇瓶发酵生产芽孢的最佳条件为:麦芽糊精2.0%、黄豆饼粉2.0%、K2HPO40.05%和MnSO4·H2O0.01%、培养液初始pH值为7.0、种龄18 h、装瓶量50mL·(250mL)-1.在此优化条件下,发酵液中8-28茸株的芽孢微量迭到2.67×1 08个·mL-1.芽孢形成率迭到90%.     

刺五加黑斑病菌孢子萌发的影响因子

为了探讨刺五加黑斑病菌孢子萌发的影响因素,在刺五加不同器官汁液等基质培养条件下及在不同温度处理条件下,研究了刺五加黑斑病菌在不同时间的孢子萌发率.刺五加黑斑病菌在刺五加不同器官汁液基质培养条件下及在不同温度处理条件下,孢子的萌发率都随着时间的延长而升高;其中在不同刺五加器官汁液基质处理条件的孢子萌发率比清水对照高,表明其各器官汁液基质更有利于病原菌孢子的萌发,其中茎基质处理的孢子萌发率最高;而在不同温度处理条件下,各调查时间段中,病原菌孢子萌发率都是在25℃时最高.即刺五加黑斑病菌孢子萌发的最适温度为25℃.     

不同因素对石韦孢子萌发及生长的影响

以石韦孢子为外植体,研究不同蔗糖浓度、生长调节剂和培养基等对石韦孢子萌发生长的影响.结果表明,1%-2%蔗糖有利于孢子的萌发生长,萌发率达80%以上;无机盐浓度较低的1/8MS和Knop's培养基较利于孢子的萌发,萌发时间仅为6d,萌发率分别为83.2%、84.1%;在培养基中加入1.0mg/L NAA、0.5mg/L 6-BA,可以缩短孢子萌发时间,并获得最高的萌发率.此外,1/2MS培养基比较适合原叶体的增殖;以河沙为基质的不完全培养基比较适合孢子体诱导,诱导率达90%以上.     

双孢蘑菇SSR分子标记开发及其在遗传多样性分析中的应用

采用Primer 5.0软件设计引物,共设计有效扩增SSR引物112对,经筛选,其中97对在39份双孢蘑菇基因组中扩增出明显差异条带,25对在As2796单孢分离子代群体中表现出多态性,19对引物在单孢分离子代中遵循孟德尔自由分离定律。进一步研究表明共检测到67个等位基因,平均每个位点2.68个,平均Neis基因多样性指数为0.502 3。8份双孢蘑菇品种的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.336 3～0.864 1,平均值为0.538 5;基于Nei-s 遗传相似系数的UPGMA聚类分析,在遗传距离0.46处,8个双孢蘑菇品种（系）分为2个类群,亲缘关系的远近与其种质来源有一定的相关性。这些潜在的多态性SSR 的开发为双孢蘑菇遗传多样性分析、图谱构建提供了更丰富的候选分子标记基础,为进一步进行双孢蘑菇新品种的选育和种质资源的分析评价及管理提供了遗传依据。