基于Faster-NAM-YOLO的黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子检测

黄瓜霜霉病由古巴假霜霉病菌孢子通过侵染引起,严重影响了黄瓜的品质和产量;病菌孢子数量与病情严重度相关,因此建立快速、简便和高效的病菌孢子定量检测方法,实现黄瓜霜霉病防治关口前移。基于YOLO v5模型提出了一种基于Faster-NAM-YOLO的黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子定量检测模型,该模型首先提出了一种特征提取模块C3＿Faster,使用C3＿Faster替换YOLO v5中的C3模块,有效降低了模型参数计算量和模型深度,提升了对黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子检测速度和精度;其次在主干网络中加入了NAM注意力模块,通过应用权重稀疏性惩罚抑制不显著权重,进而提高模型的特征提取能力和计算效率;最后实现了对黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子的定量检测。实验结果表明,Faster-NAM-YOLO模型在测试集上mAP@0.5和mAP@0.5:0.95分别达到95.80%和60.90%,对比原始YOLO v5模型分别提升1.80、1.20个百分点,较原始YOLO v5模型内存占用量和每秒浮点运算次数分别减少5.27 MB和1.49×10¹⁰;通过与YOLO v3、THP-YOLO v5、YOLO v7、YOLO ...     

作物病害智能诊断与处方推荐技术研究进展

由“植物诊所”形成的电子病历为作物病害处方推荐提供了新的思路。如何高效地挖掘电子病历数据并辅助作物病害处方推荐,目前还是亟待解决的研究热点问题。在总结和整理现有国内外研究文献的基础上,对基于显微图像的作物病害病菌孢子识别、基于光谱的作物病害诊断、基于电子病历的作物病害处方推荐等作物病害诊断与处方推荐关键技术进行了系统分析与讨论。综述结果表明,围绕作物病害病菌侵染过程,以智能化处方推荐需求为导向,开展基于电子病历数据挖掘的作物病害处方推荐研究,将成为一个研究重点。针对作物病害处方推荐过程中,存在由于作物病害致病机理复杂、作物品种及病害种类多、病害病症动态变化且特征多等特点和难点,研究基于电子病历数据挖掘的作物病害致病机理解析、诊断推理、智能化处方推荐及其应用策略,将是研究的重大方向;探索基于知识图谱分析、大数据挖掘和机器学习算法推理等关键技术的作物病害电子病历数据挖掘分析研究,从区域宏观视角可视化解析作物病害致病机理及其与特征间的关联关系,面向实际应用场景实现基于诊断推理的单一作物病害处方推荐、基于语义匹配的多种作物多种病害处方推荐,具有更大的实际意义。     

灵芝孢子粉和大豆异黄酮对文昌鸡生长性能、肉品质及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究灵芝孢子粉与大豆异黄酮对110~140日龄文昌鸡生长性能、肉品质与抗氧化能力的影响,试验选取540只110日龄文昌母鸡,随机分成3个处理组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只,试验周期30天,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组分别在基础饲粮中添加500 mg/kg灵芝孢子粉和300 mg/kg大豆异黄酮预混剂,试验期满后,测定试鸡生长性能,采集试鸡血浆、胸肌样品,测定血液与胸肌抗氧化指标、胸肌肉质性状、肉感官评定及货架期指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,1)大豆异黄酮组试鸡的生长末重与平均日增重均显著增加(P<0.05),料重比降低(P<0.05);2)灵芝孢子粉显著提高试鸡胸肌宰后24 h的pH(P<0.05)、降低剪切力(P<0.05);大豆异黄酮显著降低胸肌宰后45 min的a^*值(P<0.05),提高胸肌宰后24 h的L^*值和pH(P<0.05);3)灵芝孢子粉组试鸡的肉汤鲜味评分显著提高(P<0.05);4)灵芝孢子粉可显著降低文昌鸡胸肌宰后24 h的丙二醛(MDA)与宰后45 min的挥发性盐基氮含量(P<0.05);大豆异黄酮显著降低试鸡胸肌宰后45 min和24 h的MDA含量(P<0.05);5)饲粮添加灵芝孢子粉与大豆异黄酮显著降低了文昌鸡血浆MDA含量(P<0.05),灵芝孢子粉还增加了血浆谷胱甘肽含量(P<0.05)。综上,500 mg/kg灵芝孢子粉和300 mg/kg大豆异黄酮预混剂均可提高文昌鸡的抗氧化能力,改善肌肉品质。二者比较,500 mg/kg灵芝孢子粉作用更优。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢萌发及其对常规灭菌方法抵抗力的研究简

芽孢杆菌属细菌在芽孢状态下,对外界环境及理化因素具有高度抵抗力。适宜的温度、湿度及营养条件能促进芽孢萌发,影响其对常规灭菌方法的抵抗力。本试验选取蜡样芽孢杆菌作为研究对象,在适宜培养条件下使其形成芽孢,通过研究萌发后芽孢对温度、H₂O₂及含氯消毒剂等条件的抵抗力,证实了适当的条件（温度37 ℃、湿度40%、pH 7.4、30 min）能有效促进蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢萌发,致使芽孢对高温（80 ℃、2 h）、H₂O₂（1.5 mol/L、2 h）及含氯消毒剂（有效氯含量约800 mg/L、2 h）等常规灭菌方法抵抗力明显降低,并能被有效杀灭和灭活,相对有效杀灭率分别达98.4%、98.9%及99.1%,有效杀灭率分别为88.3%、88.7%及88.9%,这对进一步研究芽孢杆菌属细菌的杀菌消毒条件具有重要参考意义。     

The persistence of infectivity of Tetracapsulabryosalmonae-infected water for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is caused by the infection of susceptible salmonid fish with spores of the myxozoan Tetracapsula bryosalmonae , a parasite harboured and released by several species of bryozoans. Under natural conditions, PKD is a water-borne infection of fish, whose outcome and spatio-temporal dissemination depend on the viability of spores present in the water. In order to evaluate the duration of parasite infectivity, juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , were exposed for 20 h to T. bryosalmonae -infected water at various times post-water collection or after different filtration procedures. When infected water was held in a temperature range of 14.5–17 °C for up to 14 days, PKD was transmitted to the fish only between 0 and 12 h post-water collection and its infectivity vanished between 12 and 24 h. Similarly, the infectivity of water passed through 25 μm but not through 1 μm mesh filters, and was lost in the material eluted from the 1 μm filtration membrane although the parasite's DNA was amplified from this material. The parasitic infectivity in water appears to be fragile and this may offer opportunities to decrease the impact of PKD in trout farms by the implementation of management procedures aimed at reducing the number of the bryozoan-holding surfaces located in the river, immediately upstream from these farms.     

Components of Liquid Media on the Production of High Spore Concentrations of Lecanicillium lecanii （Zimm.） Gams and Zare

Two Lecanicillium lecanii isolates, ATCC26854 and V3, were evaluated for spore production in liquid media. Both isolates have interesting known properties for the production of high concentrations of chitinases （ATCC26854）, and an outstanding pathogenic activity against the green cabbage aphid, Brevicorine brassiacae （L.）. The isolates were grown on thirteen different liquid media, which had been used to produce other entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes. Experiments were carried out at 27 -4- 1 ℃ with a 12：12 photoperiod using shake flasks. The production of spores was quantified during a seven days period, and the effects of the media were evaluated by determining spore concentration and morphology. Submerged conidia yields were higher with ATCC26854 than with V3 in all thirteen media, while higher concentrations （5.3×10^9, 4.6 ×10^9 and 3.4 ×10^9 conidia/mL） were found with ATCC26854 isolate in the Camaron, Minerales and Jenkins-Prior medium, respectively; lower yields （2.3 ×10^8, 2.2 ×10^8 and 2.3 ×10^8 conidia/mL） were found with the V3 isolate in Catroux, TKI and Camaron media, respectively. Spore production curves were adjusted to different sigmoid models. The process was better explained by the Richards model （r^2 = 0.99）. Concerning conidia morphology, submerged conidia seemed to look like aerial conidia, but they were different in size （ATCC26854 2.73-6.99 μm and V3 5.28-14.29 μm）; however, the dimensions fall within the ranges reported for L. lecanii. The analysis of shake flask cultures with the Richards model allowed selecting two low-cost liquid medium, Camaron and Jenkins-Prior, for scaling up conidia production for use in aphid biological control programs.     

嗜铁真菌 z-15对几种病原菌的抑制作用

为 z-15在植物病害防治上的应用提供参考,采用平板对峙法、发酵液抑菌法和抑制孢子萌发法测定嗜铁真菌 z-15对4种病原菌的影响。结果表明,z-15对4种病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,平板拮抗试验中,除西瓜枯萎病菌以外,对另3种病原菌的抑制率均超过20％,其发酵液对小麦根腐病菌（Bipo-laris sorokiniana ）的生长抑制效果较为显著,最高抑制率达50．9％;对西瓜枯萎病菌和水稻恶苗病菌孢子萌发亦有较好的抑制作用。     

海南淮山茎腐病病原生物学特性研究

淮山茎腐病是近年来发生在海南淮山中的一种重要病害,对海南海口、临高等地的淮山生产造成严重 危害。通过菌丝生长速率法测定了培养基、温度、酸碱度、光照对淮山茎腐病菌菌丝生长的影响,同时,测定了湿度和 养分对孢子萌发的影响。结果表明院PDA 培养基最适合菌丝的生长;菌丝能够生长的温度范围为10~35益,最适温度 为25益,致死条件为50益处理10 min 或55益处理5 min;最适pH 值为7.0,菌丝能够生长的pH 值范围为5~10;光照 条件则以黑暗条件下最佳,而孢子萌发的最佳相对湿度为100%,溶液成分对孢子萌发的影响不大。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and spore density across different land‐use types in a hot and arid ecosystem,Southwest China

We investigated the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and spore density in cropped land, fallow land, and an undisturbed savanna ecosystem under hot and arid climatic conditions in a valley of southwest China. Plants surveyed in the three land‐use types showed heavy arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, indicating a high mycorrhizal dependency of plants in this environment. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the colonization of different AM structures and the spore density varied greatly among plant species both within and between different land‐use types. The AM colonization and spore density were higher in undisturbed than in fallow or cropped land. No significant correlation between AM colonization and spore density was observed when land‐use types were either considered separately or together. Cluster analysis based on the similarity in AM status with respect to both colonization and spore density showed similarities between fallow land and the undisturbed savanna. The results indicate that continuous cropping reduces AM colonization and spore density. These parameters appear to nearly fully recover when the land has been left to fallow for 4 years.     

生长季苹果园冠层空气中斑点落叶病分生孢子飞散动态

通过对生长季苹果园冠层空气中苹果斑点落叶病菌分生孢子逐日和逐小时的捕捉，同时记载空气温度，相对湿度和降雨等气象数据，分析发现，6至7月份为整个生长季中孢子飞散的高峰期，影响孢子飞散的主要气象要素为降雨和风，一天中孢子飞散的动态是昼多夜少，9：00-22：00孢子飞散量占全天的87.2%，孢子飞散的最高峰为15：00-16：00，各小时孢子飞散与相对湿度呈显著负相关，而与温度呈显著正相关。