森林流域水文及水沙效应研究进展

在大量分析国内外对森林流域产流产沙及其水文效应研究的基础上,客观地评价了该领域研究的重要进展和存在的问题,指出该领域研究的发展趋势.     

景观生态学原理在流域规划中的应用

从景观生态学的原理入手,论述了尺度、景观格局、生物多样性、景观异质性与景观连接度等理论在流域规划中的应用,揭示了土地利用、生物多样性保护、土壤侵蚀和土地沙漠化等的景观生态学本质,从理论与实践上指出了景观生态学理论对流域规划的指导意义.     

1981-2017年砚瓦川流域蒸发量变化特征研究

利用砚瓦川流域1981-2017年蒸发量实测数据,运用数理统计、线性回归分析、Man-Kendall检验等方法分析研究砚瓦川流域多年蒸发量变化特征。结果表明,（1）砚瓦川流域37年蒸发量变化总体呈下降趋势,其平均减少速率为4.75mm,2006年是减少突变年。（2）砚瓦川流域37年年平均蒸发量为1182.23mm,80年代的年均蒸发量高于平均值。（3）砚瓦川流域春季蒸发量波动幅度最大,秋季次之,冬季蒸发量波动幅度最小,夏季蒸发量最大,约占全年蒸发量的42.36%。（4）砚瓦川流域月平均蒸发量最大的为6月,最小的为12月。（5）砚瓦川37年降雨量和蒸发量均在减小,但降雨量的减小速率略大于蒸发量的减小速率。     

Institutional performance and participatory paradigms: Comparing two groups of watersheds in semi-arid region of India

Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid to institutional and participatory aspects. This paper explored the performance of various institutions regarding execution of watershed development programmes in semi-arid region of India. Recorded observations from documents maintained at watershed level and information collected through primary survey as well as focus group discussion with different types of stakeholders were used for analysis. The results indicated lacunae in participatory aspects during programme implementation process like monitoring activities, management of common property resources and equity. Gap in linkages and differential level of performance of various watershed level functionaries indicates the necessity for corrections in the structures and linkages pattern for sustainability of the infrastructure and institutions. The study also showed unequal priorities by the implementing agencies towards institutions, land and water resources development, production enhancement activities and fodder resources development as well as rationalities of technical, economic, financial, political and social aspects among the watersheds.     

岷江上游杂谷脑河谷土壤发生特征与系统分类研究

为了解岷江上游杂谷脑河谷的土壤发生特征及类型归属,以位于四川阿坝藏族羌族自治州理县杂谷脑河谷的8个典型土壤剖面为研究对象,通过野外成土因素调查与土壤形态特征观测及室内土壤物理、化学性质分析,依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》(简称系统分类)与《中国土壤(1998)》(简称发生分类)鉴定其类型。研究表明,8个剖面均为温性土壤温度状况、半干润土壤水分状况;土壤色调为7.5YR和10YR,部分剖面表层明度和彩度均低于3.5,达到暗沃表层的颜色要求;土壤颗粒组成以粉粒含量最高、砂粒次之、黏粒最低,质地为壤土或粉质壤土;土壤结构主要为亚角块状,部分剖面表层为团粒结构;部分剖面中具有腐殖质、黏粒胶膜及假菌丝体等新生体,形成黏化层和钙积层;均具石灰性,主要为碱性到强碱性反应;有机碳含量范围1.64～61.45 g/kg,部分剖面含量自上而下逐渐降低,具有均腐质特性;游离铁含量为10.78～19.57 g/kg,个别剖面B层均在14 g/kg以上,具有铁质特性;有效磷含量为1.2～43.1 mg/kg,个别符合肥熟表层和磷质耕作淀积层的有效磷含量要求。供试土壤在中国土壤系统分类中归属于人为土、均腐...     

Multiple watershed alterations influence fish community structure in Great Plains prairie streams

Stream fish distributions are commonly linked to environmental disturbances affecting terrestrial landscapes. In Great Plains prairie streams, the independent and interactive effects of watershed impoundments and land cover changes remain poorly understood despite their prevalence and assumed contribution to declining stream fish diversity. We used structural equation models and fish community samples from third‐order streams in the Kansas River and Arkansas River basins of Kansas, USA to test the simultaneous effects of geographic location, terrestrial landscape alteration, watershed impoundments and local habitat on species richness for stream‐associated and impoundment‐associated habitat guilds. Watershed impoundment density increased from west to east in both basins, while per cent altered terrestrial landscape (urbanisation + row‐crop agriculture) averaged ~50% in the west, declined throughout the Flint Hills ecoregion and increased (Kansas River basin ~80%) or decreased (Arkansas River basin ~30%) to the east. Geographic location had the strongest effect on richness for both guilds across basins, supporting known zoogeography patterns. In addition to location, impoundment species richness was positively correlated with local habitat in both basins; whereas stream‐species richness was negatively correlated with landscape alterations (Kansas River basin) or landscape alterations and watershed impoundments (Arkansas River basin). These findings suggest that convergences in the relative proportions of impoundment and stream species (i.e., community structure) in the eastern extent of both basins are related to positive effects of increased habitat opportunities for impoundment species and negative effects caused by landscape alterations (Kansas River basin) or landscape alterations plus watershed impoundments (Arkansas River basin) for stream species.     

黄土丘陵区流域主要植被类型养分循环特征

以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域纸坊沟流域为例,系统研究流域在植被稳定恢复期1种乔木、4种灌木和9种草地植被类型的养分循环平衡特征。结果表明,乔灌植被类型的叶片养分含量明显高于当年的新生枝条,新生枝条则明显高于枝干;乔木植被类型的生物量、氮磷养分累积量明显高于灌木植被类型,灌木植被类型则高于草地植被类型;乔木的氮养分循环速率是0.789,灌木为0.742,草地为1.000;乔木P2O5循环速率是0.881,灌木为0.758,草地为1.000。乔木的氮养分年盈余量是333.0 kg/km2,灌木为508.5 kg/km2,草地为597.0 kg/km2;乔木的P2O5年盈余量是333.0 kg/km2,灌木为423.0 kg/km2,草地为531.0 kg/km2。     

河沟流域水分入渗的数学模型

本文采用现场实地人工模拟降雨试验 ,并结合双环入渗测定以及天然降雨条件下的径流小区观测等手段 ,对河沟流域各类型下垫面水分入渗规律及特征进行了较为深入系统地研究 ,并对各入渗模型的优劣进行了分析、比较及评价。结果表明 :考斯加可夫 (Kostiakov)公式以及霍顿 (Horton)公式较符合河沟流域的实际入渗情况     

丘陵山地区耕地水约束状态研究——以黎香溪流域为例

建立一种土壤水循环机理与地形特征结合的层次评价模型,以长江一级支流——黎香溪流域为研究区,以土壤的蓄水量、土壤地形湿度、蒸散发量和灌溉用水条件作为评价因子,采用层次分析法对流域耕地水约束状态进行综合分析,将水约束状态分为轻度、一般、较重、重度、极重5个等级。通过对300个样本的抽样调查,分析结果总体正确率为78%。灌溉条件的影响力随着约束等级的降低而增加,正确率随着约束等级的降低而降低,从极重到轻度正确率分别为85.00%、81.67%、78.33%、75.00%和68.33%。流域内耕地受用水较重及以上程度约束占总面积的55%。模型对流域内部耕地用水状态的相对差异模拟精度较高,灌溉水平的差异是误差的主要来源。     

Watershed Health Characterization Using Reliability–Resilience–Vulnerability Conceptual Framework Based on Hydrological Responses

An attempt was made to employ the reliability (R_el)–resilience (R_es)–vulnerability (V_ul) conceptual framework to develop a typical indicator system for quantitative assessment of watershed health. The study aimed to conceptualize and customize the R_elR_esV_ul framework to watershed health assessment for the Shazand Watershed in Markazi Province, Iran, for the period of 1977–2014. To this end, four easily, reliable, available and accessible criteria viz. standardized precipitation index (SPI), low and high flow discharges (LFD and HFD), and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were selected, and corresponding indices for reliability–resilience–vulnerability (R_elR_esV_ul) framework were accordingly conceptualized and calculated. The thresholds of 0.1, 0.16 m³ s⁻¹, 12.63 m³ s⁻¹ and 25 mg l⁻¹ day⁻¹ were thus selected for SPI, LFD, HFD and SSC, respectively. The results showed a decreasing trend in R_el and R_es, and an increasing trend in V_ul for SPI and LFD in the Shazand Watershed. The results further showed an increasing trend in R_el, and a decreasing trend in V_ul for HFD and SSC. A decreasing trend was ultimately recognized in watershed health index for all criteria except SSC. Additionally, the integrated hydrological watershed health index of 0.16 ± 0.11 obtained from the geometric mean of the R_elR_esV_ul framework indices also showed a decreasing trend for the Shazand Watershed health during the study period. The results of the present initiative study can be considered as a baseline by decision makers and managers to effectively adjust watershed management strategies to handle land degradation issues in the area. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.