Effects of nitrogen and intensive mixing on decomposition of C-labelled maize (Zea mays L.) residue in soils of different land use types

This study investigated the effects of mineral-N addition and intensive mixing (analogous to disturbance by plowing) on decomposition of ¹⁴C-labelled maize (Zea mays L.) residue and soil organic matter (SOM). Soils were collected from the upper 5 cm of three land use types at Edelweiler, Germany: plow tillage (PT), reduced tillage (RT), and grassland (GL). Soils were incubated for 112 days at 20 °C, with or without ¹⁴C-labelled maize residue (4 g DM kg⁻¹ soil), with or without nitrogen (100 mg N kg⁻¹ soil as NH₄NO₃) and with or without intensive mixing.

The effect of mineral-N on maize residue decomposition differed depending on the stage of decomposition and land use type. Nitrogen accelerated residue decomposition rates in the first 5 days in RT and GL soils, but not in PT soil, and decreased residue decomposition rate in all three land use types after 11 days. At the end of the incubation, N suppressed ¹⁴CO₂ efflux in RT and PT soils, but not in GL soil. Mineral-N did not increase SOM decomposition independently on the land use types.

Intensive mixing stimulated decomposition of both plant residue and SOM in all three land use types. However, effects were smaller in GL soil than in RT or PT soil, presumably because stronger soil aggregates in GL would have been less affected by mixing and allowed greater protection of SOM and plant residue against decomposition.     

Soil management problems in multiply cropped paddy fields in China

Summary Multiple cropping of paddy fields has now been widely adopted in East China, in order to increase annual grain yields. The management practices recommended for these multiple cropped fields include the use of mineral fertilizers in combination with organic manure, to sustain a better soil nutrient balance, the adoption of rice-straw manuring, and use of zero or minimum tillage. This paper presents the results of a series of longterm experiments in multiple cropping and discusses the problems associated with these techniques.     

Structural studies on soil nitrogen by Curie-point pyrolysis — gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with nitrogen-selective detection

Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry with N-selective detection was used to characterize the structure of organic N compounds in four mineral soils. The technique was found suitable for the fast, sensitive, and highly specific identification of N-containing pyrolysis products from whole soils with total N contents between 0.08 and 0.46%. In order to optimize the methodology, one agricultural soil was pyrolyzed at final temperatures of 573, 773, and 973 K. Almost no chemical alterations to identifiable pyrolysis products were observed when the final pyrolysis temperature was increased from 573 to 973 K. More than 50 N-containing pyrolysis products were identified, and were divided into compound classes chracterized by specific molecular-chemical structures. These included pyrroles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, indoles, quinolines, N derivatives of benzene, alkyl nitriles, and aliphatic amines. Three additional soil samples different in origin and N content were analyzed at 773 K and each showed a specific thermosensitive N-selective chromatogram. Many N-containing pyrolysis products were identified in all samples, which indicated general qualitative regularities in the thermal release of N-containing pyrolysis products from the four soils. In the pyrolyzates of the investigated soils a number of compounds were identified, which is usually not detectable in pyrolysis-gas chromatography spectrometry analyses with N-selective detection of plants and microorganisms. Among these were N derivatives of benzene and long-chain alkyl nitriles, which appear to be soil-specific and suggest significant transformations of organic N in soils. Thus, our results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular-chemical structure of unknown N.     

Effects of organic manure and NPK fertilization on earthworm activity in an Oxisol

The effects of fertilization with N, P, K, and organic manure (alone or in combination) on earthworm populations, biomass, and casting activity were measured in a cultivated soil (organic C 1.5%, annual rainfall 2000–2300 mm). These applications of fertilizer caused significant increases in earthworm numbers, biomass, and casts. N alone or in combination with P and K also influenced these earthworm parameters significantly. The inorganic NPK fertilizer in combination with organic manure had a significantly greater effect on earthworm activities than NPK fertilizer alone, and therefore the addition of organic matter appears advisable in order to obtain maximum benefits from NPK fertilizer in this soil.     

高产夏玉米施用硫肥对矿质元素吸收影响的研究

每公顷基施:0(CK)、36.3(S₁)、413.85(S₂)kg硫时,玉米每公顷产量分别为9 784.5、10 639.5、11 322 kg,处理分别比对照增产8.73%和15.71%,并提高了果穗长度,增加了穗行数、行粒数,对千粒重影响不大.单株对氮、磷、钾、锰、锌、镁的吸收量表现为S₂>S₁>CK.施入(NH₄)₂SO₄后,0～20 cm、21～40 cm、41～60 cm土层的pH值降低,收获后有所回升,各处理各土层的pH值均表现为CK>S₁>S₂.施入硫肥后,0～60 cm土层全氮含量降低,速效钾的含量提高,0～20 cm土层中的速效磷含量有所提高,21～40 cm土层变化不大,41～60 cm土层中的速效磷含量降低。     

7种菜用甘薯茎尖的感官评定和营养成分分析

[目的]对7种菜用甘薯茎尖进行感官评价和营养成分分析.[方法]通过对7种菜用甘薯茎尖进行感官评定,并对粗蛋白、粗脂肪、维生素C、叶绿素和矿物元素等成分进行分析,比较不同品种菜用甘薯茎尖作为菜用的特点、营养和前景.[结果]分析表明,7种甘薯茎尖外观均符合菜用要求,不同品种甘薯茎尖的食用感官综合评分差异较大,广菜薯1号和台农71号的食用感官评价最优.7种菜用甘薯叶中,叶绿素含量在0.207 ～ 2.662 mg/g;维生素C含量在190.0 ～400.0 mg/kg;粗蛋白含量范围为32.38 ～41.14g/kg;总脂肪含量差异较大,最高为“广菜薯1号”(5.2 g/kg);镁、钾、钠、锰、铜、铁等矿物元素含量绝大多数高于甘薯茎块和常见蔬菜.[结论]研究可为不同品种菜用甘薯茎尖的大面积种植和推广提供依据.     

日照红茶品质成分与矿质元素溶出特性的研究

[目的]探讨日照红茶品质成分与矿质元素及其溶出规律等特性.[方法]对日照红茶的品质成分、矿质元素含量及矿质元素的溶出规律进行了研究.[结果]试验表明,与其他品种红茶相比,日照红茶的茶多酚含量低,游离氨基酸含量丰富,TR/TF值为13.44,形成了日照红茶滋味鲜醇、苦涩味轻,汤色红亮的品质特征;矿质元素总量较高,3次浸泡溶出的元素总量丰富.因此,日照红茶具有品质佳、矿质元素含量丰富、滋味鲜醇、耐冲泡的特性.[结论]研究可为日照红茶质量控制及茶饮品的合理开发利用提供科学依据.     

菊花营养价值的初步研究

分析测定了野生菊(Mantianxing),药用菊(Hangbaiju),栽培菊(Huangjingqiu),三个菊花品种的还原糖、总糖、维生素C,氨基酸及钙,磷、铁、铜、锌、锰等矿质元素的含量。结果表明:野生菊的维生素C、总糖、还原糖、氨基酸总量分别比药用菊和栽培菊高,药用菊的铁、锌、铜、锰的含量分别比野生菊和栽培菊高。栽培菊的钙、磷则分别比野生菊和药用菊高。从而为进一步开发利用我国丰富的菊花资源提供了依据。     

不同产地黄酒中营养功能成分的比较分析

[目的]时我国不同地域生产的黄酒产品中营养功能成分进行差异性分析。[方法]采用Folin—Diocalteu法、HPLC法和原子吸收法对不同产地的18种黄酒中的总酚含量、游离氨基酸含量、矿物元素含量分别进行测定。[结果]浙江绍兴黄酒中的总酚平均含量为0．91mg／ml,游离氨基酸平均含量为3．3g/L,均显著高于上海黄酒和江苏黄酒,除Fe元素含量较低外,绍兴黄酒中Zn、Mn、Mg、Ca等矿物质含量均比上海和江苏黄酒丰富。[结论]我国黄酒产品的营养功能品质存在着地域差异性。