起始肥料对一品红生长的影响

 研究了生长介质中起始肥料对一品红生长的影响和一品红不同部位矿质养分含量。结果表明： 速效肥比缓效肥更有利于一品红生长并提高品质，速效肥中供试的两种NO₃^--N与NH₄⁺-N比例对一品红生长影响不大。绿色叶片矿质养分含量，除Fe和Mn较高外，与国外推荐的养分诊断指标相一致，说明目前国外推荐的一品红养分诊断部位适合于绿色叶片。     

低分子有机酸对茶园土壤中Al、F、P、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn的活化效应

本文通过用不同浓度 (0mmol l、 0 5mmol l、 1mmol l、 2mmol l、 5mmol l、 10mmol l) ,不同有机酸(柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸 )及氨基酸 (谷氨酸、天冬氨酸 )对土壤中Al、F和几种营养元素 (P、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn)的浸提实验 ,得出结论 :(1)有机酸及氨基酸对土壤中的Al、F、P、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn具有活化作用 ,但其活化作用的大小因茶根分泌物的种类和浓度及土壤理化性质而异 ,即一般而言 ,柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸的活化作用较     

扁桃休眠期前后结果枝内矿质营养的变化及其对坐果的影响

分析扁桃结果枝休眠期前后矿质元素的积累与代谢变化及其对坐果的影响,为扁桃低产园的改造提供理论依据。选取连续3a持续低产和高产的2个果园作为研究对象,以新疆主栽品种‘纸皮’扁桃为试材,分析在休眠期前后结果枝木质部和韧皮部中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Zn、Fe、Mn和Cu 10种矿质元素质量分数变化差异,同时统计2个果园当年坐果情况。结果表明:(1)扁桃休眠期前后高产园和低产园中扁桃结果枝中的矿质元素变化趋势基本一致,休眠期扁桃结果枝内的矿质元素仍呈积累或代谢状态,休眠前期质量分数升高,到扁桃打破休眠萌芽前后质量分数急剧下降;(2)扁桃休眠期结果枝木质部和韧皮部中N、P、K、B和Mn5种矿质元素质量分数均表现为高产园的高于低产园的;(3)扁桃休眠期结果枝矿质营养的积累水平直接影响着翌年扁桃的坐果率和产量。因此,加强扁桃园的管理,促进休眠期结果枝矿质营养的积累是提高扁桃坐果率和产量的重要措施。     

黔产8种野菜主要营养成分比较分析

[目的]比较分析黔产8种野菜鸭儿芹（Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk.）、蓝布正（Geum japonicum Thunb.）、鱼香菜（Mentha spicata Linn.）、灰菜（Chenopodium album L.）、剪刀菜（Aster sublatus Michx.）、豆瓣菜（Nasturtium officinale R.Br.）、清明菜（Gnaphalium affine D.Don）、水芹[Oenanthe javanica（Bl.）DC.]的主要营养成分含量,为其开发利用提供参考。[方法]用常规方法对8种野菜的基本营养成分及矿质元素的含量进行分析。[结果]8种野菜的营养成分含量有差异。8种野菜水分含量为78.10%~93.40%,灰分含量为8.74%~19.70%,粗脂肪含量为0.90%~1.90%,粗蛋白含量为0.31%~1.15%,粗纤维含量为10.20%~32.20%,多糖含量为0.007%~0.054%,维生素C的含量为0.052~0.351 mg/g。灰菜中的K、Mg、Ca的含量最为丰富,分别为8.60%、2.20%、3.23%;豆瓣菜中Na的含量最高,达到6.15%;清明菜中Mn的含量最高,达到583.3 mg/kg,水芹中Fe、Zn的含量最高,分别为0.24%、131.8 mg/kg。[结论]黔产8种野菜中含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、纤维、多糖、维生素以及矿质元素,具有很高的开发利用价值。     

苋菜,油菜和芹菜矿物元素含量的研究

本文用ICPS-1000Ⅱ型等离子光谱仪,分别测定了苋菜、油菜、芹菜中的钾、钠、钙、镁、磷、铜、铁、锌、锰、锶十种元素的含量,标准曲线浓度与强度的相关系数(r=0.999)。在几种蔬菜中苋菜铁的含量高,苋菜5个品种中棠东红最高,而且锌、铜、钙、镁等也比较高。测定的7种油菜中,徐州苔菜锌铜比、锰铜比及锌铜锰总量高于其它品种。     

施氮量对豫北冬小麦产量及子粒主要矿质元素含量的影响

以兰考矮早8、豫麦49-198和平安8号为材料,设置5个氮素水平（0、120、180、240、360kg/hm ²）,研究不同施氮量对豫北冬小麦子粒产量及其N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明：子粒中N与B（r=0.879）、N与Mg（r=0.858）、Mg与Zn（r=0.871）、Mg与B（r=0.877）含量间相关系数较高。施氮显著提高了子粒N、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、B含量,K、Mg含量受施氮量影响较小,但P和Mn含量明显下降。兰考矮早8子粒中各种矿质元素（除B外）含量明显高于平安8号,豫麦49-198介于二者之间。施氮在提高小麦子粒产量的同时降低了P/Ca、P/Mg、P/Fe和P/Zn的值,增强了Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn的生物有效性。此外,研究发现施氮量达到180kg/hm ²后,继续增施氮肥小麦产量难以提升。可见,合理的氮肥管理可以提高豫北地区冬小麦产量及子粒中微量元素的含量;过量施氮不仅难以提高子粒产量,还会降低子粒P和Mn的含量。     

Dynamic change of mineral nutrient content in different plant organs during the grain filling stage in maize grown under contrasting nitrogen supply

The introduction of new hybrids and integrated crop-soil management has been causing maize grain yield to increase. However, less attention has been paid on the nutrient concentration of the grain; this aspect is of great importance to supplying calories and nutrients in the diets of both humans and animals worldwide. Increasing the retranslocation of nutrients from vegetative organs to grain can effectively increase the nutrient concentration of grain and general nutrient use efficiency. The present study involved monitoring the dynamic change of macro- and micronutrients in different organs of maize during the grain filling stage. In addition, the mobility of different elements and their contribution to grain nutrient content were evaluated in a 2-year experiment under low (LN, no N supplied) and high N (HN, 180 kg N ha⁻¹) supply. Under HN supply, the net remobilization efficiency (RE) of the vegetative organs as a whole (calculated as nutrient remobilization amount divided by nutrient content at silking) of N, P, K, Mn, and Zn were 44%, 60%, 13%, 15%, and 25%, respectively. The other nutrients (Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B) showed a net accumulation in the vegetative organs as a whole during the grain filling stage. Among the different organs, N, P, and Zn were remobilized more from the leaves (RE of 44%, 51% and 43%, respectively) and the stalks (including leaf sheaths and tassels) (RE of 48%, 71% and 43%, respectively). K was mainly remobilized from the leaves with RE of 51%. Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cu were mostly remobilized from the stalks with the RE of 23%, 9%, 10%, 42%, and 28%, respectively. However, most of the remobilized Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were translocated to the husk and cob, which seemingly served as the buffer sink for these nutrients. The REs of all the nutrients except for P, K, and Zn were vulnerable to variations in conditions annually and were reduced when the grain yield and harvest index were lower in 2014 compared with 2013. Under LN stress, the RE was reduced in P and Zn in 2013, increased in Cu and unchanged in other nutrients. The concentration of these nutrients in the grain was either unchanged (P, K, Ca, Zn, and B) or decreased (N, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu). It is concluded that grain N, P, K, Mn, and Zn, but not Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B concentration, can be improved by increasing their remobilization from vegetative organs. However, enhancing the senescence of maize plant via LN stress seems unable to increase grain mineral nutrient concentration. Genetic improvement aiming to increase nutrient remobilization should take into account the organ-specific remobilization pattern of the target nutrient.     

Dynamics of microbial biomass and nitrogen supply during primary succession on blastfurnace slag dumps in dry tropics

This paper reports the role of microbial biomass in the establishment of N pools in the substratum during primary succession (till 40-year age) in Blastfurnace Slag Dumps, an anthropogenically created land form in the tropics. Initially in the depressions in the slag dumps fine soil particles (silt+clay) accumulate, retaining moisture therein, and providing microsites for the accumulation of microbial biomass. In all sites microbial biomass showed distinct seasonality, with summer-peak and rainy season-low standing crops. During the summer season microbial biomass C ranged from 18.6 μg g⁻¹ in the 1-year old site to ca. 235 μg g⁻¹ in the 40-year old site; correspondingly, microbial biomass N ranged from 1.22 to 40 μg g⁻¹. On sites 2.5-years of age and younger, the microbial biomass N content accounted for more than 50% of the organic N in the soil, whereas the proportion of microbial biomass N was ca. 7% of organic N in 40-year old site. The strong correlation between microbial biomass and total N in soil indicated a significant role of microbes in the build-up of nitrogen during the initial stages of succession in the slag dumps. Though the organic N pool in the soil was low (594 mg kg⁻¹) even after 40 years of succession, the available N (NH₄-N and NO₃-N) contents in the soil were generally high through the entire age series (ca. 16-32 μg g⁻¹) during the rainy season (which supports active growth of the herbaceous community). The high mineral-N status on the slag dump was related with high N-mineralization rates, particularly in the young sites (20.6 and 13.9 μg g⁻¹ month⁻¹ at 1 and 2.5-year age). We suggest that along with the abiotic factors having strong effect on ecosystem functioning, the microbial biomass, an important biotic factor, shows considerable influence on soil nutrient build-up during early stages of primary succession on the slag dumps. The microbial biomass dynamics initiates biotic control in developing slag dumps ecosystem through its effect on nitrogen pools and availability.     

硒胁迫对紫花苜蓿硒积累及矿质元素吸收的效应

为了探讨硒胁迫对紫花苜蓿硒积累及对其他矿质元素吸收的影响。以3种苜蓿阿尔冈金、大叶苜蓿、维多利亚为试材,采用土培试验方法,研究了硒胁迫对紫花苜蓿不同组织的生物量、转运系数、耐性指数、硒积累量、硒含量和矿质元素含量的影响及紫花苜蓿对硒的积累能力。结果表明:施以100μmol/L硒时,硒处理显著提高了3个品种苜蓿根、茎、叶片的硒含量、耐性指数、硒积累量和K、P、Ca、Mg元素的吸收,当硒浓度为900μmol/L时,则降低了阿尔冈金和维多利亚不同器官生物量及大叶苜蓿根的生物量积累,且降低了阿尔冈金和维多利亚不同器官及大叶苜蓿根和茎对Zn吸收积累量。不同品种间相比较,大叶苜蓿生物量、硒积累量和K、P、Mg元素吸收显著高于其他2个苜蓿,且差异显著。综合评价表明,大叶苜蓿对矿质元素和Se有较好的吸收和富集能力。     

旱稻矿质养分吸收与施肥效应

 早稻和水稻的养分吸收规律不同。施氮肥可明显提高旱稻产量,并促进养分吸收;豆科植物与旱稻间套作会增加早稻的氮素养分吸收,对提高早稻产量有重要作用。热带酸性土壤缺磷是限制早稻产量的主要因素之一,施磷肥有显著的增产效果。早稻主要吸收Mehlich-1法浸提形态的磷,但基因型之间对磷的利用效率有明显差异。酸性土壤施入石灰能改善磷的有效性,促进旱稻对磷、钙和镁的吸收而提高产量;但石灰量的增加导致旱稻对钾、锌、铜、锰和铁的吸收减少。旱稻钾的营养和施肥研究结论不一,与各地土壤有效钾含量不同有关。其它元素中锌和硅的研究较多,硅肥和锌肥能提高旱稻产量。我国对旱稻矿质营养及施肥研究仍未引起重视,尤其对国内培育的新品种矿质营养的研究和当前旱稻的主栽区北方碱性土壤中旱稻对氮、磷、钾吸收利用的研究更为薄弱。