丛枝菌根生理生态功能及其在生态恢复中的作用

近年来生态系统退化、环境污染等问题日趋严峻,生态恢复成为国内外关注的热点之一。丛枝菌根是陆地生态系统中分布最广泛、最重要的互惠共生体之一,对提高植物抗逆性、植被恢复、保持生态系统稳定与可持续生产力的作用显著。本文重点综述丛枝菌根的生理生态功能,及其在矿区土壤、旱区和盐碱土壤、退化草原等生态重建中的应用潜力,并对未来研究方向进行了探讨,旨在为生态恢复提供一条新途径。     

山西省王庄煤矿生态恢复模式研究

煤炭开采导致矿区土地覆被类型、土地利用结构、区域水循环等发生显著变化,其系统修复一直是一个日益受到高度重视的问题。基于山西省王庄煤矿的采煤沉陷和废弃物压占土地等主要生态环境问题,集成并优化了立体种植/养殖模式、物质循环利用模式、矿区废弃地林灌草模式和村庄废弃地“林果-畜禽”模式等4种生态恢复模式;最后在典型样区内对立体种植/养殖模式进行了经济、社会和生态效益的示范性评价,效果良好。     

Biology Migration and Distribution Characteristics of Trace Elements in Reconstructed Soil with Coal Gangue Filling

With mixed gangue,coarse gangue and washed gangue as well as the maize in the reclaimed land in Luling Mine of Huaibei as the research object,the biology migration and distribution characteristics of trace elements in the reconstructed soil with different types of coal gangue filling were studied,the contents of Cu,Pb,Zn,Sn,Hg,Cd and Cr were determined,and the distribution characteristics of the trace elements in the coal gangue and different organs of the maize were analyzed.The results showed that the contents of trace elements were the highest in washed gangue and the least in coarse gangue in the gangue used for the reclamation,and there were significant differences in the enrichment ability of trace elements in different organs of maizes that were planted in reclamation land,of which fruit was weaker than other organs,while leaf presented strong absorption ability.     

黄土区场刺槐×油松复垦地物种演替规律分析

为了进一步了解研究区复垦地物种演替规律,通过野外调查获取样地复垦17年后植被数据,采用数据分析法研究刺槐×油松复垦模式下植被种群数量结构特征与空间分布格局。结果表明:在黄土区刺槐×油松复垦模式下刺槐的存活率为34.56%,远低于油松的存活率94.39%;侵入树种主要有榆树和杨树,侵入树种占乔木层物种总数的15.42%;刺槐的径级结构在1cm和10cm出现峰值,油松的径级结构在7cm出现峰值;样地草本中菊科的重要值为37.38,禾本科的重要值为13.33。刺槐更新个体较多但成活率低,油松成活率较高,刺槐纯林易受到榆树和杨树的侵入。草本植物中菊科和禾本科重要值最高,大籽蒿为优势物种。     

矿区生态重建过程中的土地利用/覆被变化

以平朔矿区为例,采用野外定点调查、室内分析、历史资料查证等相结合的方法,研究了黄土区大型露天矿生态重建中的土地利用/覆被变化。结果表明:矿区土地作为一种特殊的土地利用形式,土地利用/覆被变化异常剧烈,其中,地貌重塑过程中的土地利用/覆被变化主要体现在海拔高度、坡向、坡度、坡型、比表面积的变化;土壤重构过程中的土地利用/覆被变化主要体现在土壤物理性状、化学性状、生物性状及侵蚀性状发生变化;植被重建过程中的土地利用/覆被变化主要体现在91种人工植被的增加和95种野生植被的侵入。     

Microbial use of lignite compared to recent plant litter as substrates in reclaimed coal mine soils

In the Lusatian mining district, rehabilitated mine soils contain substantial amounts of lignite in addition to recent carbon derived from plant litter. The aim of this study was to examine the importance of the two organic matter types as substrates for soil microbial biomass in mine soils containing organic matter with a contrasting degree of humification. Samples were taken from the lignite-containing overburden material, from a mine soil under 14-year-old black pine (Pinus nigra) and from a mine soil under 37-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra). Overburden material was ameliorated with alkaline ash and incubated in an identical manner as the 14-year-old and 37-year-old mine soils for 16 months. Carbon mineralisation was monitored throughout. After 0, 3, 6, 12 and 16 months, samples were removed and analysed for chemical parameters and for microbial biomass. In addition, ¹⁴C activity measurements in bulk soil and microbial biomass were used to estimate their lignite content.Despite the high content of organic carbon in lignite-rich overburden material, low contents of microbial biomass were recorded. Ash-amelioration led to high pH values in the overburden material, resulting in high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon most likely derived from lignite. Development of the microbial community was subsequently stimulated by presence of an easily available carbon source. In older mine soils, larger amounts of microbial biomass are most likely related to the presence of recent organic matter. Radiocarbon analysis of the microbial biomass extracted from the 14-year-old mine soil indicated higher lignite carbon contribution than recorded for microbial biomass of the 37-year-old mine soil. The highest concentration of lignite C present in microbial biomass as indicated by the C_mic/C_org ratio was, however, observed in the ameliorated overburden material. Therefore, we conclude that the importance of lignite as a carbon source for micro-organisms decreases when recent organic matter is present in the older stages of mine soil development.     

深圳市鹏茜大理岩矿采空区稳定性数值模拟研究

由于采空区对原有岩体应力平衡的破坏,可能导致地面塌陷等地质灾害,威胁地表建筑、工程的安全。为研究深圳鹏茜大理岩矿采空区的稳定性,采用Flac3D建立三维数值模型对采空区围岩的应力、位移和塑性区进行了分析;同时,针对鹏茜大理岩矿不同倾角岩层段上、下水平矿柱的稳定性进行了计算。综合研究结果表明:鹏茜大理岩矿采空区整体稳定性良好。     

天然蒙脱石和沸石改良对黑麦草在铜尾矿砂上生长的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,开展了天然蒙脱石和沸石处理对黑麦草在铜矿尾矿砂上生长影响的研究。结果表明:蒙脱石和沸石改良对黑麦草的地上部生物量没有显著影响,但改变了黑麦草的根重;而施用肥料促进了黑麦草生长。蒙脱石的加入使尾矿砂的有效态锌含量显著降低,但对有效态铜的含量影响不明显;而沸石的加入均显著降低了尾矿砂的有效态铜和锌的含量;另外,矿物的加入降低了尾矿砂的pH值,但其变化与尾矿砂重金属有效态含量变化之间无相关性。矿物的加入降低了黑麦草根中的铜锌吸收,但蒙脱石增加了第一茬黑麦草地上部铜锌吸收,对第二茬黑麦草地上部铜锌吸收无影响;而沸石对两茬黑麦草地上部铜锌含量均无显著影响。不同生长期黑麦草对铜锌吸收量有差异,第二茬黑麦草的地上部锌含量明显高于第一茬,而铜含量则变化不大。     

石门雄黄矿周边农田土壤重金属污染及健康风险评估

湖南石门雄黄矿区环境污染及风险是当前国家环保部门和地方政府极为关注的重要环境问题之一。本研究以该矿区周边农田表层土壤为研究对象,调查分析了矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况及其空间分布特征,并采用美国EPA土壤健康风险模型评估了其对人体的健康风险。土壤重金属污染评价结果显示:该区土壤受到中度的As污染和Cd污染,As平均含量为80.26 mg/kg,Cd平均含量为0.55 mg/kg;Cu、Zn、Pb含量均未超过国家《土壤环境质量》的二级标准;综合污染指数显示研究区域为中度污染。美国EPA模型评估结果显示:成人和儿童的日暴露量及非致癌健康风险主要途径均为经手–口摄入,Cd对成人和儿童均不存在非致癌风险和总风险,As对儿童非致癌总风险指数为3.36,造成严重的非致癌健康威胁;经呼吸暴露的致癌风险,Cd对儿童和成人均不造成致癌健康影响,As对成人和儿童的平均致癌风险指数为3.13×10~(-4)和5.58×10~(-4),均存在显著的致癌健康风险,且As、Cd对儿童的健康威胁均高于成人。可见,该矿区周边农田土壤中As、Cd污染及其风险应加强控制与治理。     

石油污染农田治理新模式

[目的]探寻石油污染农田新的有效治理模式。[方法]以潜江市为研究对象,将石油污染农田修复工程与矿山公园建设相结合,探讨石油污染农田的治理模式。[结果]矿山公园建设可以为治理工程提供科学研究场所与更多资金,同时治理工程也可成为矿山公园的科普教育基地,二者相辅相成。[结论]将矿山公园建设与石油污染农田的治理工作相结合,是一种切实有效的恢复矿山生态环境的新模式。