草原蝗虫开发利用的研究

青海草原环湖及柴达木蝗区大部分地面平缓，宜于机械作业。蝗虫种群密度８０～１２０头／ｍ２者居多，面积为４０～５０万ｈｍ２，贮量小年为４８４０Ｔ，大年为６５６０Ｔ，开发前景广阔。蝗虫粉含粗蛋白７４．８８％，居我国目前优良饲料之首。经试验，作为饲料添加剂与５０％的进口鱼粉比较，京黄１号７日龄肉仔鸡饲喂４９天后成活率为８８．７１％，体重平均增长１０２０．２ｇ，二者差异不显著；星杂二八八６～８月龄蛋鸡饲喂后产蛋量提高１８．０８％，产蛋率提高７．９９％，完全可以代替鱼粉。新研制的捕蝗机捕蝗率为６５．０～７４．２％，生产率２．７４ｈｍ２／ｈ，单机捕幅４ｍ。以１９９３年的市场价格为准，机捕的经济效益为２８．６０元／ｈｍ２，且有突出的社会和生态效益。     

The Influence of Genotype–Environment Interaction on the Grain Yields of 10 Pigeonpea Cultivars Grown in Kenya

To study the importance of the effects of genotype–environment interactions on the yield of pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.), 10 early-maturing genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a total of seven environments spread over five regions of Kenya between 1987 and 1988. Results indicated the presence of a substantial genotype–environment interaction effect on grain yield. The observed significant genotype–environment interaction effect is discussed in relation to its importance in pigeonpea grain yield evaluation studies. It is noted that the best genotype in one environment is not always so in other environments. Results from regression analysis indicated that this method of analysis is appropriate for describing the response of pigeonpea genotypes grown in a number of locations. Analysis of variance showed significant additive and multiplicative genotype–environment interaction effects. Only the first interaction principal component axis (IPCA) was found to be important in describing the multiplicative interaction effects. The additive main effects and multiplicative effects (AMMI) model allowed the partitioning of interaction variance into agronomically important sources (genotype groups), and the specific genotype × environment patterns that are the basis of these sources of variance were examined.     

Modified full-sib selection and best linear unbiased prediction of progeny performance in a European F2 maize population

Four cycles of modified recurrent full‐sib (FS) selection were conducted in an intermated F₂ population of European flint maize. The objectives of our study were to monitor trends across selection cycles in the estimates of population mean, inbreeding coefficients and variance components, and to investigate the usefulness of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) of progeny performance under the recurrent FS selection scheme applied. We used a selection rate of 25% for a selection index, based on grain yield and dry matter content. A pseudo‐factorial mating scheme was used for recombination. In this scheme, the selected FS families were divided into an upper‐ranking group of parents mated to the lower‐ranking group. Variance components were estimated with restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Average grain yield increased 1.2 t/ha per cycle, average grain moisture decreased 20.1 g/kg per cycle, and the selection index relative to the F₂ check entries decreased 0.3% per cycle. For a more precise calculation of selection response, the four cycles should be tested together in multi‐environmental trials. We observed a significant decrease in additive variance in the selection index, suggesting smaller future selection response. Predictions of FS family performance in Cn + 1 based on mean performance of parental FS families in Cn were of equal precision as those based on the mean additive genetic BLUP of their parents, and corresponding correlations were of moderate size for grain moisture and selection index.     

饲用益生素与抗生素的比较研究

对饲用益生素与抗生素的研究进行了比较分析，主要对其研究的历史和现况，作用机理，合理使用的条件与可行性进行了综述。     

新型菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料添加剂的选择与燃烧性能分析

在研制新型菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料的基础上,筛选不同添加剂[MgCO3、CaCO_3、Al2O_3、Al_2Si_2O_5(OH)_5]优化燃料,以提高生物质混合固体燃料的燃烧性能。将四种添加剂以3%比例(质量比)与菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料混合,比较了不同添加剂对混合固体燃料的灰分、结渣率、放热量、烟黑、灰熔点、烟气成分等的影响。结果表明:四种添加剂对酸性气体有明显的吸附作用,且能有效降低混合固体燃料的结渣率,其中CaCO_3添加剂使混合固体燃料的灰分含量、烟黑的林格曼指数下降最为明显。这表明,CaCO_3添加剂能有效缓解混合固体燃料中的灰分、烟黑、酸性气体的生成,提高其燃烧性能,是一种较为理想的新型菊芋秸秆-烟煤混合固体燃料添加剂。     

黄土丘陵区地表甲虫空间异质性对环境变化的响应

【目的】了解环境因子对黄土丘陵区地表甲虫群落多样性和空间分布的影响。【方法】以宁夏彭阳县高建堡流域为研究区,以GF-2高分辨率遥感影像和数字高程模型（DEM）为数据源,利用3S技术获取研究区土地利用、坡度、海拔等环境因子。采用陷阱法在6个植物群落分明的样地诱捕地表甲虫,并对地表甲虫统计数据进行初步处理和分类。结合广义可加模型(GAM)探究研究区地表甲虫空间异质性与环境因子变化的关系。【结果】（1）GAM自变量（海拔、坡度、坡向和土壤水分）对因变量（地表甲虫种群数量）的决定系数为60.20%,说明研究区地表步甲科甲虫对所选用的环境因子有很大的趋向性。（2）GAM中各环境因子对步甲科甲虫数量和空间分布的影响存在明显差异,其中海拔的影响为23.10%,坡度为9.54%,坡向为8.03%,环境因子中土壤水分为46.80%。（3）土壤水分是影响黄土丘陵沟壑区步甲科昆虫最重要的因素,其受到海拔、坡度、坡向等地形因子影响,对甲虫生存环境起到关键性作用,步甲科昆虫在土壤水分25%～45%的区域分布密度最大。【结论】研究区地表甲虫主要分布于灌草混交林地、乔灌混交林地和生态薪炭林地,其中灌草混交林地是地表甲虫生存、栖息的最佳生境。步甲科昆虫是该流域内的广布种和优势种。     

阳离子淀粉在油田生产中的应用研究进展

阳离子淀粉作为以淀粉为基本原料合成的绿色化学品,应用越来越广泛。本文简要概括了国内外阳离子淀粉的合成工艺,包括湿法、干法和半干法。综述了阳离子淀粉在油田生产中,尤其是其作为钻井液处理剂、油田污水处理剂、调剖堵水剂和驱油剂的应用研究进展。展望了阳离子淀粉在我国的发展前景,指出了大力开展阳离子淀粉研究的重要意义。     

小麦抽穗期与开花期的关系及其遗传研究

研究结果表明,小麦抽穗期和开花期均可作为小麦熟期早晚的指标,对纯合亲本的研究表明,抽穗期与开花期的相关系数,第一年r＝0.9514,第二年,r=0.9337,年度间的差异很小.据R.M.Jones分析法,F_1抽穗期的a和b_1极显著,b_2显著,而F_1开花期的a和b_1极显著,b_2不显著.据Hayman方法分析,两者的D均极显著,H_1H_2h~2和F均达显著或极显著水平,两者的平均显性度(H_1/D~(1/(H_1/D))分别为0.347和0.322,均为部分显性;两者的显性都指向减效,抽穗期的狭义遗传力为89.77%,开花期则为93.75%.本文对F_2代的遗传也进行了论述.     

Genetic study of bolting and stem length in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) using a factorial cross design

Summary The objective was to study the genetic basis of bolting and stem length in sugar beet full-sibs, developed by a factorial mating design (N.C. design II). The extent to which the inheritance of these characters can be attributed to the additive and non-dominance variation was investigated. The genetic analysis consisted of three sets (4×10, 4×8, and 3×8) of progenies. Estimates of additive genetic variance (² _A) and variance due to dominance deviations with some fractions of epistatic variance (² _D) were obtained for both characters. Bolting had a relatively large proportion of total genetic variance accounted for by ² _A. In most cases, non-additive effects were also important in determining the type of gene action in bolting. Stem length showed similar genetic variation to bolting susceptibility. Bolting resistance seemed to be dominant to the bolting susceptibility in most cases. Narrow sense heritability estimated for bolting was generally very large (0.93 to 0.96), which suggests that early generation selection for bolting resistance in a sugar beet population would be successful.