Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a medicinal weed

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) is the most researched plant for the treatment of liver disease. Its therapeutic properties are due to the presence of silymarin, a mixture of three flavonolignans (silybin, silydianin and silycristin). The seeds contain the highest amount of silymarin, but the whole plant is used medicinally. Milk thistle is grown successfully on a range of soil types, from sandy soils to much heavier clay soils. Milk thistle is directly seeded in soils. Sowing occurs in autumn and spring, and row spacing is usually 40-75 cm, with 20-30 cm between plants in the row. Nutrient requirements of this crop are low to moderate since it is adapted to poor quality soils and many different growing conditions. A limiting factor in milk thistle production is weed interference. Pendimethalin and metribuzin herbicides are safe for weed control in milk thistle, both alone and in combination. Milk thistle is considered drought resistant and normal rainfall will often suffice. In a Mediterranean environment, under severe drought conditions, the crops should be irrigated during seed growth and filling. Moreover, a few varieties of milk thistle have been developed. The silymarin content most often ranges from 1.0% to 3.0% of achene dry matter but can exceed 8%. Efforts should be made to develop varieties with high silymarin content.     

碳酸氢钠添加剂对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量的影响

选择体重、胎次、泌乳期、乳脂率和产奶量基本一致的健康无病荷斯坦奶牛12头,随机分成四组,每组3头,即试验1组,试验2组,试验3组和对照组,在试验组奶牛的混合精料中分别添加碳酸氢钠50g／头,100g／头,150g／头。试验前后相比,试验组与对照组的产奶量都呈下降趋势,1组,2组,3组与对照组的产奶量分别下降了1．95kg,1．47kg,2．17kg,3．73kg,Ⅰ组,2组,3组与对照组相比,乳脂率、4％标准乳分别提高了3．82％,5．88％,5．00％,10．54％（P〈0．05）,12．60％（P〈0．01）8．36％（P〈0．05）。     

云南德宏水牛乳基本组分的研究

本实验采用乳品分析仪对云南德宏奶水牛与荷斯坦牛乳中乳糖、乳脂、乳蛋白、总固形物、非脂固形物等含量进行测定。同时采用SDS-PAGE对乳蛋白各组分进行分离,并利用凝胶成像系统进行扫描定量。结果表明,德宏奶水牛乳中乳脂、乳糖、乳蛋白、总固形物、非脂固形物含量都极显著高于荷斯坦牛乳(P0.01)。酪蛋白百分含量在两个品种乳蛋白中占优势。德宏奶水牛乳蛋白中α-乳白蛋白含量显著高于荷斯坦牛乳(P0.05),而β-乳球蛋白含量显著低于荷斯坦牛乳(P0.05),血清白蛋白和酪蛋白则差异不显著(P0.05)。     

牛SLC27A1基因SNPs筛选及其与中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性状的关联分析

[目的]对牛SLC27A1基因进行SNPs筛选并与中国荷斯坦奶牛的产奶性状进行关联分析,以期发现对中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性状有显著影响的SNP位点。[方法]根据性能测定记录选取48头中国荷斯坦奶牛,提取血样DNA,组成2个DNA池,用于SNPs筛选,采用PCR-SSCP和克隆测序方法对DNA池进行SLC27A1基因SNPs筛选。针对发现的SNP位点,采用PCR-RFLP方法对另外231头中国荷斯坦奶牛进行群体基因型检测,采用SAS（8.02）GLM过程对各基因型与产奶性状进行关联分析。[结果]在exon3发现T112C位点,在3‘UTR发现G64A位点,T112C为同义突变;经PCR-RFLP检测,发现在T112C位点存在TT、TC、CC3种基因型,G64A位点存在GG、GA、AA3种基因型。2个位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。T112C位点的CC型个体的产奶量极显著高于TC型个体（P〈0.01）,3种基因型对乳蛋白率和乳脂率影响均不显著（P〉0.05）,乳蛋白率呈现CC〉TC〉TT的趋势,乳脂率呈现TT〉TC〉CC的趋势;G64A位点3种基因型对产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳脂率的影响均不显著（P〉0.05）,但产奶量呈现GA〉GG〉AA的趋势,乳蛋白率和乳脂率呈现AA〉GG〉GA的趋势。[结论]该基因T112C位点与产奶量性状有一定的关联性,通过提高CC基因型频率有望提高中国荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量,SLC27A1基因可作为调控中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶量的候选基因,同时为该基因的标记辅助育种和进一步研究奠定了良好基础。     

Concentrate composition for Automatic Milking Systems — Effect on milking frequency

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of affecting milking frequency in an Automatic Milking System (AMS) by changing ingredient composition of the concentrate fed in the AMS. In six experiments, six experimental concentrates were tested against a Standard concentrate all supplied in the amounts of 5 kg/cow/day. Fifteen cows were fed the experimental concentrate and another 15 cows the Standard concentrate for 14 days and then for the next 14 days the cows were fed the opposite diets to be their own control. The change from one mixture to the next was done over only one day. In each experiment the 30 cows were composed of 12–14 of Danish Holstein, 8–10 of Danish Red and 8 were Jerseys. Basal mixed ration (MR) was fed ad libitum and intake was recorded individually. The effect of the different concentrates on intake and production was evaluated within experiment against the Standard concentrate. A marked effect was found on the number of visits of the cows in the AMS and the subsequent milk production in relation to composition of the concentrate. The composition of the concentrates also influenced the composition of the milk and the MR intake. Based on the overall responses the cows preferred a mixture containing Barley and Oats. Also Wheat based concentrate appeared to be preferred to concentrate based on Maize or Barley and the cows did not like the Fat rich or the pure Artificially dried grass concentrate used in the experiment.     

绿肥紫云英与化肥配施对双季稻区水稻生长及产量的影响

[目的]在双季稻区紫云英与水稻轮作制度下,探讨化肥配施紫云英对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响。[方法]采用田间定位方法,进行早稻和晚稻施肥效应试验,探讨水稻产量构成因素与不同施肥处理的关系。[结果]施肥可促进水稻生长和产量提高,化肥配施绿肥也能够显著地增加水稻产量。早稻化肥减量40%配施60%绿肥处理的下茬晚稻产量最高,而2008年晚稻以及2009早稻产量甚至显著高于100%化肥处理,2年早稻平均产量比100%化肥处理增加了247 kg/hm2,提高了3.8%。[结论]种植和利用紫云英可部分替代化学肥料,提高水稻产量,节约生产成本,提高有机-无机养分资源利用效率。     

利用耳组织、血液、牛奶样品检测牛病毒性腹泻病毒的比较

牛病毒性腹泻病以发热、口腔及消化道粘膜糜烂、腹泻为主要症状,可引起怀孕母牛流产或产畸型胎儿,给养牛业造成巨大的经济损失,该病已成为当前严重危害我国养牛业的传染病之一。由于大部分感染BVDV的牛不表现特征性的临床症状和病理变化,而且引起腹泻和消化道黏膜糜烂或溃疡的疾病很多,所以确诊需进行实验室检查。目前实验室检测BVDV的主要方法是利用美国IDEXX公司ELISA诊断试剂盒,通过BVDV抗原和抗体的检测区别牛群持续感染牛。用于检测BVDV的样品种类有许多种,绝大多数是采集血液(血清)或牛奶样品进行检测。本试验对奶牛进行耳组织采样,同时采集血液和牛奶,用三种样品在相同条件下同时检测BVDV抗原,用血清和牛奶样品检测抗体,比较样品的检测结果。结果表明,这三种样品检测结果具有一致性,且耳组织采样更宜于大面积筛查。     

提高奶牛奶产量的关键措施

奶牛产奶量直接影响奶牛饲养的经济效益,本文分别从选种、饲养管理、防暑防寒、防疫和乳房卫生保健等方面提出提高产奶量的措施。     

我国唯一的河流型奶水牛——槟榔江水牛的开发利用思考

综合介绍了水牛由奶、肉、役兼用向奶畜专用转变的发展趋势以及槟榔江水牛品种的形成及其培育、体型外貌特征、遗传学特征、生产性能、存在的问题等,并对该水牛品种的有效开发和利用提出了建议。