Intra‐annual changes in reproductive indices of male and female Himalayan snow trout,Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832)

Periodic changes in reproductive hormone levels, gonadal histology and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of snow trout, Schizothorax richardsonii, were examined to ascertain annual cycle of gonadal development and reproductive status in their natural habitat. In females, there were coherent changes in plasma 17β‐oestradiol and vitellogenin along with GSI, oocyte maturation and vitellogenic progression, collectively indicating two distinct maturation peaks during the months of September and February. Coinciding with this, in males, plasma 11‐keto testosterone was also noticeably higher during September and February, with highest GSI values in September. However, plasma 17α, 20β‐dihydroxyprogesterone levels in males were found to be persistently high from September to February. This observation suggests the potential presence of matured oozing males over a longer period, unlike in females. Overall, the close association between reproductive hormone levels, GSI and gonadal maturation stages in males and females (particularly, the presence of postovulatory follicle complexes) with apparent natural synchronization clearly indicates that S. richardsonii breeds twice in a year, possibly during late September to early November and late February to early April in the coldwater riverine habitats of the Indian Himalayan region.     

山羊卵泡卵母细胞的采集及体外成熟效果研究

为了获取高质量的卵泡卵母细胞，提高山羊体外胚胎生产的效率，采用切剖法与抽吸法采集卵泡卵母细胞，并对获得的可用卵母细胞进行了体外成熟培养。结果表明，切剖法能够获得较多的可用卵母细胞，可以明显增加用于体外成熟的卵母细胞数；卵母细胞的体外成熟率与卵泡直径密切相关，大卵泡与中卵泡的卵母细胞成熟率明显高于(P<0.05)小卵泡；山羊卵泡卵母细胞的体外成熟培养液中FCS的添加比例以10% ~ 15%为益。在一定范围内，提高FCS的浓度，并不能提高卵母细胞的成熟率。     

小麦籽粒成熟与萌发期间LOX的动态变化

为了解小麦籽粒中脂肪氧化酶(LOX)同工酶的代谢过程,选用4个小麦品种(鲁麦22、中优9507、内乡188、蒿优9409)为材料,采用薄层等电聚焦电泳(IEF)活性染色法检测和分析了小麦在籽粒成熟与种子萌发期间LOX同工酶酶谱的变化,并采用分光光度计法测定其活性.结果表明,在籽粒成熟期间,中优9507、内乡188、蒿优9409含有5条不同的同工酶条带,鲁麦22含有8条不同的LOX同工酶条带;随籽粒成熟度的增加,酸性和中性部分的LOX同工酶的合成与含量逐渐减少,碱性部分的LOX同工酶的合成与含量缓慢增加,说明成熟末期小麦籽粒主要积累碱性LOX;4个品种的LOX活性随籽粒成熟均呈现先逐渐降低至最低点后轻微反弹的变化趋势.在种子萌发期间,4个小麦品种都含有7条LOX同工酶条带,除萌发第一天外,随种子萌发的进行,酸性部分的LOX同工酶合成与含量减少,碱性和中性部分的LOX同工酶合成与含量缓慢增加,说明小麦种子在萌发过程中主要积累碱性LOX;4个品种的LOX活性均呈先保持一恒定高值后迅速下降至一恒定低值的变化趋势.无论是籽粒成熟期间还是种子萌发期间,影响小麦籽粒或种子中LOX酶活性大小的主要是酸性的LOX同工酶.     

黑穗醋栗果实成熟过程主要营养成分变化规律

黑穗醋栗果实的各种营养物质，在整个发育成熟过程中，各阶段的变化不同。薄皮和厚皮两品种表现出相同的变化规律。果实内总糖含量随果实成熟逐渐增加，果实成熟后略有减少，总糖中以果糖和葡萄糖为主；有机酸含量随果实成熟逐渐减少。接近成熟时增长缓慢；维生素Ｃ、氨基酸的相对含量的幼果中最多，随着果实的成熟逐渐减少。氨基酸在果实成熟时相对含量最低，其后略有增加；而维生素Ｃ则一直下降，果实成熟时下降缓慢。相关分析表明     

不同化学激活方法及卵丘细胞层数对牛体外成熟卵母细胞孤雌发育的影响

为探索适宜的牛体外成熟卵母细胞孤雌激活方式,提高核移植效率及研究胚胎孤雌发育。研究比较了不同浓度的乙醇( EH)、离子霉素(ionomycin)、钙离子载体A23187与蛋白激酶抑制剂6-二甲氨基嘌呤(6-DMAP)、细胞松驰素(cytochalasin B, CCB)对牛卵母细胞激活发育的影响,并在相同条件下,比较了不同卵丘细胞层数对卵母细胞激活后胚胎发育能力的影响。结果表明: (1) 5 μmol·L-1 Ionomycin,10 μmol·L-1 A23187,7% EH分别联合2 mmol·L-1 6-DMAP,CCB均可以有效地激活牛孤雌胚,其中以Ionomycin＋6-DMAP+CCB组囊胚发育率极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01),并且激活液中CCB的存在对牛孤雌胚胎的发育有利;(2) 卵母细胞包被的卵丘细胞层数不同对卵母细胞成熟激活有显著的影响,卵丘细胞层数3～5层和多于6层的卵丘—卵母细胞复合体(COCs)孤雌激活的分裂率和囊胚率分别为69.09%,31.58%和75.14%,38.85%,这2组之间差异不显著(P>0.05), 但其显著高于1～2层组与混合组(P< 0.05), 因此,这2组细胞是最佳的试验研究材料。     

种植密度对东北特早熟棉区棉花生物量和氮素累积的影响

 以辽棉19号（生育期125 d）和新棉33B（生育期135 d）2个生育期差异较大的品种为材料,于2007－2008年在东北特早熟棉区（辽宁辽阳,41°26' N,123°14' E）设置棉花种植密度试验（7.50万、9.75万、12.00 万株·hm^-2）,研究不同棉花群体生物量与氮素动态累积特征的差异及其与产量品质形成的关系。结果表明,棉花群体生物量和氮素累积动态随生育进程的变化符合“S”型曲线,棉花群体生物量和氮素存在异速累积现象,氮素累积快速起始期及终止期均较生物量累积提前10 d左右。2品种均以9.75 万株·hm^-2密度下棉花生物量、氮素动态累积过程最为优化,皮棉产量最高,纤维品质最优;密度过高尽管群体生物量、氮素累积量较高,但经济产量下降。     

Sex differences in circulating steroid hormone levels in the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus L.

Steroid profiles of cultured and captive red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.) were investigated to evaluate the potential use of circulating sex steroid levels as a tool for gender identification in this species. Cultured 18‐month‐old fish were maintained on a 120‐day shortened photothermal cycle to induce precocious maturation. Additionally, wild‐caught fish were maintained in captivity under simulated natural photothermal conditions from late spring to early fall. Circulating 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) levels were significantly higher in males compared with females during the early stages of gonadal growth in both cultured and captive fish. Plasma testosterone (T) levels showed a similar trend; however, the differences were significant only when males were already producing sperm. 17β‐estradiol (E₂) concentrations were low in males and females before gonadal recrudescence but increased significantly with the progression of vitellogenesis in females. These results show that a test using a minimum concentration of circulating 11‐KT could be developed to differentiate between sexes in the early stages of gonadal maturation in red drum. Moreover, plasma E₂ concentrations could be used to identify vitellogenic females. The two steroids considered together could help avoid possible error in gender identification due to unusually high levels of certain steroids encountered in some individuals.     

Haemolymph metabolic variables in relation to eyestalk ablation and gonad development of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone

The present study analyses some biochemical variables in haemolymph proposed as predictive indicators of the maturation capability following eyestalk ablation. Haemolymph of captive females was obtained before and 8 days after eyestalk ablation, and levels of haemocyanin, total proteins, glucose, lactate, cholesterol, triacylglycerides and vitellogenin were determined. Biochemical variables were also analysed in the hepatopancreas at the end of the experiment. Females were grouped as immature (previtellogenic stage) and mature (vitellogenic and cortical stages) based on histological analysis done 8 days after eyestalk ablation. To analyse haemolymph variables before eyestalk ablation in relation to maturation capability, immature females were classified as those with a low maturation capability and mature females as those with a high maturation capability. Females of high maturation capability had significantly higher vitellogenin levels before eyestalk ablation than females of low maturation capability. No significant differences were found for the other biochemical variables. Vitellogenin was also higher in mature than in immature females at the end of the experiment. These results indicate that vitellogenin levels in haemolymph could be used as possible predictive criteria of maturation capability, possibly because they reflect the degree of ovarian development at the time of eyestalk ablation.     

小檗碱和川芎嗪对猪卵母细胞体外成熟中一氧化氮生成量的影响

试验以mTCM-199添加抗生素为对照组,以分别添加0.1μg/mL小檗碱(berberine,BR)和0.5μg/mL川芎嗪(ligustrazine,Lig)为试验组,比较各组卵母细胞体外成熟中一氧化氮(NO)生成量和卵母细胞的成熟效果,从而探讨中药单体成分对猪卵母细胞体外成熟过程中NO生成量的影响。结果表明:体外成熟前22 hNO生成量,对照组与Lig组差异极显著(P<0.01)、与BR组差异显著(P<0.05),Lig组与BR组差异显著(P<0.05);体外成熟后22 h NO生成量,对照、Lig及BR三组间均无显著差异(P>0.05),但Lig组的NO生成量少于BR组和对照组;体外成熟培养0～44 h不同组别NO生成量整体呈下降趋势,Lig组与BR组卵母细胞成熟率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明卵母细胞体外成熟培养过程中,NO生成量随体外培养时间增加呈递减趋势,中药单体成分BR和Lig对卵母细胞成熟均起到一定的促进作用。低浓度NO代谢量可能对卵母细胞成熟有一定促进作用。     

GMP玻璃化冷冻未成熟牛卵母细胞核成熟及冷冻损伤试验

本试验通过荧光染色的方法建立了未成熟牛卵母细胞在体外培养过程中第1次减数分裂的各个阶段的参考判定图谱;根据这个标准来观察毛细玻璃管(GMP)玻璃化冷冻对卵母细胞核成熟和冷冻损伤的影响。结果表明,从屠宰场废弃的卵巢表面卵泡内抽取的COCs,70%处于生发泡期,12.5%生发泡开始破裂,7.5%已开始浓缩,这说明从屠宰场获得的COCs有较高的异质性;卵母细胞在成熟培养22h时收获排出第一极体的卵母细胞,可得到丰度较高的极体-胞质染色体对称、紧密相邻的成熟卵母细胞;GMP玻璃化冷冻损伤主要有2种表现形式,首先,直接影响膜结构的完整性,包括细胞膜和核膜,这可从退化的细胞比例看出(8～24h,有21.9%～27.2%的细胞处于该阶段),其次,影响CONDENSED向MⅠ期的过渡,这可从处于CONDENSED卵母细胞的比例看出(8～24h,有24.1%～34.3%的细胞处于该阶段)。