Visits to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation from South Asia and the Middle East, 1946–1990: An indicator of changing international programs and politics

International study programs have contributed to the diffusion of modern irrigation technologies, approaches, and problems. But the patterns and processes of international travel have received little attention to date. This paper examines foreign visits to the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) from South Asia and the Middle East from 1946 to 1990. Using data from the Foreign Activities Branch of the USBR, we compare the participation rates from 16 countries in South Asia and the Middle East. India, Turkey, and Egypt had the highest rates of participation, followed by Pakistan, Iran, and Israel. The frequency of visits is influenced by political, economic, cultural, and institutional factors. But the most important factors appear to be foreign relations and geopolitics. Given the problems faced by national irrigation bureaucracies around the world, there is a need to focus more directly on political factors than in the past.     

CO2加富及亏缺灌溉对菜豆中期与后期生长的影响

为了探明菜豆中期与后期生长对CO₂加富与亏缺灌溉的生理响应,试验设两个CO₂水平:正常大气浓度和倍增CO₂浓度,两个灌溉水平:自然灌溉12次和亏缺灌溉6次,研究CO₂加富及亏缺灌溉对菜豆生长的影响。结果表明,CO₂加富显著提高菜豆生长中期株高与干质量,净光合速率(Pn)与胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)分别显著降低15.48%、37.67%,气孔导度(Gs)显著提高95.83%,菜豆生长后期的叶绿素a/b(Chla/b)显著提高12.29%,水分利用效率(WUE)显著提高46.51%,Ci显著降低12.87%。CO₂加富显著提高亏缺灌溉下生长中期菜豆的株高与干质量,但显著降低根冠比,显著提高叶绿素含量以及Gs;CO₂加富下生长后期的核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)及果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBPase)活性分别显著提高78.05%与88.69%,CO₂加富使亏缺灌溉下碳酸酐酶(CA)与FBPase活性分别显著提高83.73%与64.84%。综上所述,CO₂加富提高菜豆生长中期对亏缺灌溉的适应性,对生长后期影响作用减小。     

英汉礼貌与文化价值差异

着重阐述两种文化中礼貌原则和“面子论”的相关研究,并以此为基础,对这些研究进行分析,探究其差异,然后从文化价值的角度分析特定文化价值观差异对礼貌的制约和影响。     

母语迁移对英语学习的影响及教学对策

语言迁移问题表现在母语对英语学习的正迁移作用和负迁移作用两种。运用对比法针对英语教学活动中出现的语言迁移现象进行分析并提出具体的解决方法：强调母语与英语的异同点,培养学生正确学习英语的习惯;发挥母语的桥梁作用,促进学生对英语知识的理解和掌握。英语教师应在教学活动中积极地运用正迁移、巧妙利用负迁移作用,提高学生的英语学习效果。     

Agricultural extension approach: evidence from an Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project in Ethiopia

Agricultural extension is an approach to rural development and agricultural transformation in which training, demonstration and technology transfer are key to reducing rural poverty, ensuring food security, and sustainably managing natural resources. During recent decades, different extension approaches have been tested and validated by the Ethiopian government and non-governmental organizations to stimulate participation in the agricultural extension system (AES). The most recent was a German-funded project entitled “Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project” (ISFM⁺), which employed a novel approach to piloting and upscaling proven technology and best practice. The purpose of this study was to analyze and document the modalities of ISFM⁺ and illustrate its effects on technology uptake and dissemination. The study used a mixed methods approach to collect data. ATLAS.ti and SPSS were used for data management and analysis. Farmer Research and Extension Groups and Farmer Field Schools were found to be central to the participation process. Also, the ISFM⁺ was found to aid technology transfer and helped to increase grain and residue yields as well as farmer livelihoods. Based on these empirical findings, it is argued that the ISFM⁺ approach and technology should be integrated and institutionalized in the mainstream AES in order to promote their extensive application.     

农村电商发展背景下高职商务英语人才教育与培养路径

随着国家对农村市场的重视和乡村振兴战略的提出,农村电子商务也如雨后春笋般不断诞 生。农村电子商务的不断发展为高职商务英语专业人才提供了新的机遇和挑战。本文对传统高职商 务英语人才的培养现状进行分析,并对农村电商新环境下的高职商务英语专业人才教育与培养的路 径进行了探索和建议。     

“一带一路”背景下农业类本科生外语素养的培养研究——基于项目式学习理论

随着“一带一路”倡议的不断推进,农学人才在逐渐加深的中国与沿线国家农业合作中的重要性日渐凸显。在此背景下,国家对农业类人才的要求也越来越高,仅掌握农业类专业技术的人才已不能很好地适应新时代的农业发展要求,英语素养成为农学人才的必备的语言能力。本文从提升农学本科生英语素养的重要性出发,分析目前农学本科生外语教学现状,并结合项目式学习理论探索提升农学本科生外语素养的途径,旨在为培养具有较高外语素养的应用型农学人才提供可行建议。     

美国农学教习眼中的张之洞与湖北农务学堂

自1889年张之洞出任湖广总督后的十余年间,张之洞在荆楚大地开创了著名的区域近代化模式——“湖北新政”,使其谋求早期工业化、教育改革以及军队近代化的尝试在湖北获得了一个巨大的实验场。张之洞曾为改良农业,创办新式农务学堂而首先从美国聘请了农学教习布里尔。现存于美国的布里尔相关档案,以其亲历者和旁观者的视角,对于张之洞“湖北新政”期间的举措,尤其是教育方面的改革尝试进行了一些记录和述评。这些新近发掘的史料,为深化相关研究提供了新的依据和视角。     

三峡工程运行后长江中游溶解气体过饱和演变研究

为了分析三峡工程运行后泄洪对长江中游溶解气体过饱和的影响,本文建立了长江中游溶解氧数学模型,对不同流量下长江中游的溶解氧过饱和演变进行了模拟预测。模拟结果表明,三峡和葛洲坝过坝水流的溶解氧饱和度在40000m3/s～50000m3/s和100000m3/s附近存在两个峰值,长江中游河道天然情况下溶解氧过饱和恢复速度较为缓慢,平均每100km降低5%,洞庭湖水的汇入能显著降低长江干流的溶解氧过饱和度。当三峡出库流量超过40000 m3/s时,其影响范围可达400km以上。本文讨论了溶解气体过饱和的不同指标间的关系,对气体过饱和可能造成的影响以及对长江中游鱼类目前的影响进行了阐述,认为通过三峡水库的调度减小出库高流量次数和历时是减缓下游溶解气体过饱和的有效手段。     

小麦灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率与产量性状及部分品质性状的关系

为了给高产、优质小麦育种和栽培提供参考依据,以50个小麦基因型为试验材料,研究不同小麦基因型间灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率的差异及其与产量性状和部分品质指标的关系。结果表明：（1）不同小麦基因型间灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率差异极显著;（2）灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率与穗粒数、千粒重和穗粒重呈负相关,相关系数（R）分别为-0.171、-0.405^**和-0.369^**;（3）灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉降值的相关系数（R）分别为-0.085、-0.111和-0.045,相关不显著。