天山中段雪岭云杉林区辐射特征分析

利用天山中段雪岭云杉林区全年辐射观测资料,分析了云杉林区辐射平衡各分量的年、季节和日变化特征。结果表明：林区辐射平衡各分量呈现出明显的年变化和日变化特征。6-8月的向下短波辐射高于其他月份,12月份出现最小值。向下、向上长波辐射和净辐射通量的变化趋势与之相同,10月开始逐渐减小,最小值出现在12月,3月开始缓慢增加,至...     

3种保护剂对60Co-γ射线辐射栀子的保护效应

为研究⁶⁰Co-γ射线对栀子插条的辐射诱变作用及3种保护剂的保护效应,采用不同辐射剂量(5、10、20、40 Gy)辐射栀子插条,运用氯化钠(NaCl)、半胱氨酸(Cys)及维生素C(Vc)3种保护剂,分别设置4种不同浓度浸泡辐射后插条,分析不同辐射剂量及保护剂处理栀子插条的生根率、存活率、根长、根数、成株率、节间长度、分枝数、叶片数、叶长、叶宽等指标。结果表明,随着辐射剂量的增加,栀子插条的损伤逐渐增大。栀子插条⁶⁰Co-γ射线半生根剂量为21.22 Gy,半致死剂量为81.65 Gy,半成株剂量为20.30 Gy。3种保护剂在较高剂量辐射下具有显著的保护效应。在20 Gy辐射剂量下,3.00 g·L^-1 NaCl处理对栀子插条生根、生长保护效果较好。40 Gy辐射剂量下,0.12 g·L^-1 Cys和0.08 g·L^-1 Vc处理对栀子插条生根、生长保护效果较好。综上所述,3种保护剂均对较高剂量⁶⁰Co-γ射线损伤具有较好的保护作用,且保护效果与辐射剂量、保护剂浓度相关。本研究为栀子的辐射诱变育种及保护剂应用提供了技术参考。     

Effect of allele combinations at Ppd-1 loci on durum wheat grain filling at contrasting latitudes

Flowering time is the most critical developmental stage in wheat, as it determines environmental conditions during grain filling. Thirty-five spring durum genotypes carrying all known allele variants at Ppd-1 loci were evaluated in fully irrigated field experiments for three years at latitudes of 41°N (Spain), 27°N (northern Mexico) and 19°N (southern Mexico). Relationships between weight of central grains of main spikes (W) and thermal time from flowering to maturity were described by a logistic equation. Differences in flowering time between the allele combination causing the earliest (GS100/Ppd-B1a) and the latest (Ppd-A1b/Ppd-B1a) flowering were 7, 20 and 18 days in Spain, northern Mexico and southern Mexico, respectively. Flowering delay drastically reduced the mean grain filling rate (R) and W at all sites. At autumn-sowing sites, an increase of 1°C in mean temperature during the first half of the grain filling period decreased W by 5.2 mg per grain. At these sites, W was strongly dependent on R. At the spring-sowing site (southern Mexico), W depended on both R and grain filling duration. Our results suggest that incorporating the allele combinations GS100/Ppd-B1a and GS105/Ppd-B1a (alleles conferring photoperiod insensitivity) in newly released varieties can reduce the negative effects of climate change on grain filling at the studied latitudes.     

中国玉米生育期变化及其影响因子研究

【目的】在全球气候变化背景下,分析中国玉米播种期和成熟期的变动情况以及气候资源变化特征。【方法】在收集整理全国2 414个县的玉米生育期数据的基础上,绘制了1970s和2000s中国玉米的播种期与收获期分布图;在整理全国618个气象站点1971-2010年气象资料的基础上,绘制了1970s时段和2000s时段中国年均温度、降雨和太阳辐射量空间分布图。以农业种植一级区为基本单位,建立不同区域农业气候资源变化与玉米生育期变化的回归方程,并将PRECIS模型中B2情景数据代入方程组预测2030s中国玉米的生育期。【结果】与1970s时段相比,2000s时段东北大豆春麦甜菜区的玉米播种期基本保持不变;其它各农业种植一级区的玉米播种期均提前约1-15 d;除东北大豆春麦甜菜区和北部高原小杂粮甜菜区春玉米的成熟期平均推迟了11 d和3 d,2000s时段其它玉米种植区域的成熟期平均提前3-12 d。2000s时段云贵高原稻玉米烟草区的玉米生育期缩短约5 d,黄淮海棉麦油烟果区、华南双季稻热带作物甘蔗区和西北绿洲麦棉甜菜葡萄区的玉米生育期基本保持不变;其它各区域玉米生育期均有所延长。与2000s时段相比,B2情景下,2030s东北大豆春麦甜菜区的春玉米播种期将推迟2-5 d,其它各农业种植一级区的玉米播种期将提前2-19 d;东北大豆春麦甜菜区、北部高原小杂粮甜菜区和华南双季稻热带作物甘蔗区的玉米成熟期将推迟4-15 d,黄淮海棉麦油烟果区、长江中下游稻棉油桑茶区、川陕盆地稻玉米薯类柑橘桑区和云贵高原稻玉米烟草区的玉米成熟期将提前2-12 d,南方丘陵双季稻茶柑橘区和西北绿洲麦棉甜菜葡萄区的玉米成熟期则基本保持不变。2030s时段黄淮海棉麦油烟果区和云贵高原稻玉米烟草区的玉米生育期则将缩短3-6 d,其它区域的玉米生育期将延长2-15 d。【结论】中国气候正朝着增温、变干和低辐射的方向发展。受温度、降雨和太阳辐射量变化的影响,中国不同农业种植区域内玉米生育期变动明显,其中除东北大豆春麦甜菜区外玉米播种期以提前为主,玉米成熟期的变动则较为复杂,玉米的生育期则以延长为主。     

The effect of gamma‐radiation on the release of carbon dioxide from fresh soil

Abstract

The release of CO₂ from fresh soil at medium moisture was examined for 14 days after the application of gamma‐radiation over the range 0.025 ‐ 10 Mrad. All doses stimulated the release of CO₂ compared with non‐irradiated soil, but there was no extra yield of gas between 4 and 10 Mrad. Rapid evolution occurred during irradiation and over the next 24 hours, but towards the end of incubation both irradiated and untreated soil produced CO₂ at similar rates.

Studies to elucidate the origin of CO₂ indicated that the contribution from enzymes was predominant up to 2 Mrad, but at 10 Mrad, 45% of the gas could be formed by radiolytic decarboxylation of soil organic matter. Consequently, heavy irradiation of soil cannot stop production of CO₂, and if high concentrations do interfere with the application of radiation to specific soil research investigations, the gas should be displaced or allowed to diffuse from the sample.     

Nitrate and bromide contents of glasshouse radish as affected by soil content and global radiation

Abstract

Samples (208) of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) foliage and root were collected from commercial glasshouses. Simultaneously corresponding soil samples were taken. Both plant and soil samples were analysed for nitrate and bromide.

The nitrate contents of foliage and root are affected by global radiation and by nitrate content of the soil. An interaction between the two factors was found; It indicated that soil nitrate content had a considerable effect in summer, but much less so in winter under poor light conditions, when the level of nitrate in the crop is high regardless of the nitrogen status of the soil. To study the effect of radiation on nitrate content of radish in summer it was found best to consider the cumulative amount of radiation during 10 days before harvest; in winter, a period of 20–30 days was more suitable.

The bromide content of foliage and root (highest values being resp. 390 and 73 mg Br per kg fresh product) was correlated with the concentration of bromide in the 1:2 volume soil extract. An increase of 1 mmol NO₃ per 1 soil extract lowered the Br content of fresh radish roots by 5.8 mg Br per kg.     

外场强化提取银杏总黄酮及抗氧化性能研究

[目的]寻求银杏叶总黄酮外场辅助提取法的最佳提取工艺。[方法]用正交试验设计优选出银杏叶总黄酮的外场(微波场、超声波场)辅助提取工艺,并采用DPPH检测法对最佳工艺条件下的微波、超声波提取物的抗氧化性进行了比较研究。[结果]微波辅助提取银杏总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为:提取时间15min,乙醇浓度80%,提取温度70℃,料液比1∶25;超声波辅助提取银杏总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度50℃,乙醇浓度80%,料液比1∶20,提取时间40min。在最佳工艺条件下微波法和超声波法提取得率分别为4.09%和3.68%,微波法所用时间仅为超声波法的1/3。[结论]微波法是提取银杏叶总黄酮的较好方法,超声波法提取物的抗氧化能力强于微波提取物。     

滇黄芩幼苗对增强UV-B辐射与干旱胁迫的生理响应

以滇黄芩(Scutellaria amoena C.H.Wright)幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了模拟紫外线B波段(UV-B)增强辐射(280~320 nm)和干旱胁迫对滇黄芩幼苗叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、APX、GR)活性、游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖及类黄酮含量的影响;应用隶属函数值法,对单一胁迫与复合胁迫下的滇黄芩幼苗抗逆性进行综合评价。结果表明,增强UV-B辐射后植株体内的类黄酮含量、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖与游离脯氨酸含量均显著增加,MDA含量呈先升后降的变化趋势;干旱胁迫下植株体内SOD和CAT活性始终低于对照,MDA含量显著增加,SOD、APX、GR活性以及游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、类黄酮含量呈先升后降的变化趋势。增强UV-B辐射与干旱复合胁迫对滇黄芩幼苗的影响,一方面表现为增强UV-B辐射与干旱协同促进了游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的提高(处理20~30 d);另一方面表现为增强UV-B辐射削弱了干旱对滇黄芩幼苗造成的伤害,植株体内的抗氧化酶活性逐渐恢复或超过正常水平,类黄酮含量显著升高,使胁迫后期(30~40 d)的MDA含量下降。经隶属函数值法分析,得出滇黄芩幼苗的抗逆能力在4个处理里由高到低的顺序依次为增强UV-B辐射、增强UV-B辐射与干旱复合胁迫、对照、干旱胁迫。     

微波法提取西藏芫根多糖的工艺研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验,对微波法提取芫根多糖的工艺进行研究,得到了最佳工艺条件：料液比1∶24,微波处理时间10min,微波功率450W,浸泡时间90min。在此条件下,芫根多糖的提取率为9.13%。试验结果显示微波法与热水浸提法比较,具有提取时间短、提取效率高的优点。     

花叶蔓长春花光合生理特性的研究

本文对花叶蔓长春花光合生理特性进行了研究,结果表明:花叶蔓长春花的光补偿点为9.5 umol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点均为1000 umol·m-2·s-1左右,补偿点较低、饱和点高,属于阳性植物,但具有一定的耐阴能力,对光具有较广的适应性;相关分析表明,气孔导度对净光合速率影响最为明显,其次为相对湿度和蒸腾速率.花叶蔓长春花的净光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线型,峰值出现在上午9:00,Pn值为9.14 umol·m-2·s-1.