凡纳滨对虾3个亲本及其子代群体的SSR分析（摘要）（英文）

利用微卫星标记技术,采用8对微卫星引物对凡纳滨对虾3个亲本群体（OI Q、SIS Q、Kona Bay Q）及其子一代（OI Z、SIS Z、Kona BayZ）共计120个个体进行遗传分析。计算6个群体在8个微卫星位点上的平均等位基因数（Na）、平均有效等位基因数（Ne）、平均观测杂合度（Ho）、平均期望杂合度（He）、平均多态信息含量（PIC）和平均Hardy-Weinberg平衡指数（D）,以上各参数均采用群体遗传学分析软件POP-GENE3.2处理,同时根据Nei的方法计算群体间的遗传距离和遗传相似系数。运用MEGA3.0软件,采取UPGMA方法根据6个群体的遗传距离进行聚类。结果表明：8对微卫星引物在6个群体中共检测到28个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数为2 ～6个,平均等位基因数为3.5;各位点的期望杂合度均比观测杂合度高;多态信息含量（PIC）值为0.479 4 ～0.769 9,说明这8个位点在凡纳滨对虾中具有较高的信息含量。在亲本和子代群体遗传结构分析中,子代的有效等位基因数、杂合度和多态信息含量等指标均略低于亲本群体,但子代的遗传多样性并未受到太大影响,仍保持较好的遗传力。     

东北三省水稻遗传多样性和亲缘关系的SSR分析

以2006年辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三省水稻区域试验品种(系)为试材,采用SSR标记分析了东北三省35个水稻品种(系)的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,结果共检测出237个等位基因,分子量变异范围在95~320 bp。品种(系)间不同位点等位基因数目不等(2~8个),平均3.3857个,平均Nei基因多样性指数为0.4935,变幅为0.0328(PSM116)~0.8577(PSM363)。多态性位点的比率变化范围为71.25%~90.04%,多样性指数(H)介于0.3869~0.4903,信息指数(I)在0.6399~0.8489。吉林和黑龙江供试品种的SSR多样性低于辽宁水稻品系,而吉林和黑龙江基本相同。各稻区内品种的多样性均低于总体水平,显示了东北三省2006年水稻育种遗传基础的狭窄性。     

小麦-黑麦异源多倍化中的微卫星序列变异

[目的]探测异源多倍化过程中微卫星序列变异。[方法]利用150对小麦微卫星引物调查了小麦-黑麦双二倍体形成过程中微卫星序列的变异情况。[结果]与杂交F1植株及亲本植株相比,28对引物从双二倍体中扩增产物发生了变异,而其余引物从亲本、F1植株及双二倍体中扩增的带型相同。[结论]这表明常发生在二倍体生物中的微卫星序列变异现象在植物异源多倍化过程中也会发生,异源多倍化可能是促进微卫星进化的又一个不可忽视的动力。     

草原红牛微卫星标记的研究

选用草原红牛30头作为试验牛群体,经过牛血液基因组DNA的提取、8对微卫星引物的PCR扩增、扩增产物的聚丙烯酰胺电泳分型、计算机凝胶成像分析系统分析各位点等位基因及全部个体的标记基因型、PPAP3.0软件计算基因频率、多态信息含量(PIC)和杂合度等步骤从分子水平上分析了草原红牛在8个位点的遗传多态性。结果表明,IDVGA2、IDVGA46、TGLA44、BM1824、ETH225、BM2113、IDVGA44和IDVGA55等位基因数分别为6、6、6、4、4、2、6和4,多态信息含量分别为0.722 3、0.749 3、0.671 3、0.584 9、0.671 5、0.508 9、0.761 2和0.596 5,这8个位点均为高度多态位点。8个位点作为遗传标记应用于草原红牛遗传育种研究是可行的。     

基于掖478导入系的玉米产量性状QTL鉴定

 目的】鉴定玉米产量相关性状基因位点及包含有利等位基因的导入系,为了解产量性状形成的遗传基础及针对玉米自交系产量性状的分子设计提供参考和依据。【方法】以QB80和Qi319为供体亲本,掖478为轮回亲本,采用回交结合定向选择,分别构建含有61和72个家系的基础导入系群体。通过2年4点田间试验,利用完备复合区间作图进行产量及其相关性状的QTL（quantitative trait locus,QTL）分析。【结果】4个环境下,在QB80为供体的导入系群体中,共检测到9个性状的49个QTL;在Qi319为供体的导入系群体中,检测到9个性状的42个QTL。在2个及以上环境中均检测到的QTL有16个。同一性状在不同环境下所检测的QTL定位在相同的染色体区域,不同性状的QTL也定位在相同或临近的染色体区域,形成多个QTL富集区。2个群体所检测的QTL位点具有较少的一致性,说明2个供体材料中含有不同的有利基因位点。同时,导入片段中含有利基因的导入系,其相关性状明显得以改良,这些导入系可用于QTL聚合以改良掖478的产量相关性状。【结论】QB80较Qi319与掖478间的遗传差异更大,能检测更多的产量性状QTL;2个导入系群体中含有优良等位基因的导入系可用于QTL聚合改良掖478;QTL富集区是为产量性状基因的克隆提供可供参考的重要染色体区域。     

Bulk pollen pollination in maize for efficient construction of introgression populations with high genome coverage

Introgression populations consist of a set of introgression lines or families, constructed by continuous backcrossing to the recurrent parent, while carrying a limited number of chromosome segments from a donor parent in their genomes. Increasing the genome coverage is an important aim when constructing introgression population. In this study, we proposed bulk pollen pollination (BPP) method and used it to increase the genome coverage of a maize introgression population. The results showed that the genome coverage of the introgression population constructed using BPP method reached 100% at BC₃ generation, which accorded with the simulation result. The BPP‐based BC₃F_1:2 population could identify most quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected using the F_2:3 population, especially major QTL. Simulation analysis showed that the genome coverage of introgression population increased with the increase of population size and the number of bulked plants, and decreased with the increase of backcross generation. Our results proved the reliability of the BPP‐based introgression population in increasing genome coverage and detecting QTL, and provided references for constructing high‐coverage introgression populations.     

Identification and verification of quantitative trait loci for eating and cooking quality of rice (Oryza sativa)

This study was conducted to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that have stable effects for eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice. Three recombinant inbred line populations of indica rice were each planted in two years. Three traits for ECQ, amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and alkali spreading value (ASV), were measured for QTL analysis. A total of 13 QTLs were detected, including four for AC, six for ASV and three for GC. Two QTLs, qGC4 in the interval RM16252–RM335 on the short arm of chromosome 4 and qGC6.2 in the Alk region, were validated in a population derived from a residual heterozygote that was homozygous at the major locus Wx. In the absence of segregation at the Wx locus, qGC4 and qGC6.2 had additive effects of 2.46 and 8.18 mm, respectively, offering a potential for improving GC property of rice varieties. Comparison between qGC4 and previous results suggests that qGC4 is likely a new QTL for GC, providing a candidate for gene cloning and functional characterization.     

Identification of QTL Affecting Protein and Amino Acid Contents in Rice

The phenotypes of protein and amino acid contents were measured in an F9 recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Zhenshan 97B and Delong 208. A total of 48 and 64 QTLs were identified in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The contribution of each QTL to the phenotypic variation ranged from 4.0% to 43.7%. Most QTLs co-localized, forming 29 QTL clusters on the chromosomes with three major ones detected in both years, which were mapped on chromosomes 1, 7 and 9, respectively. The two QTL clus...     

SSR标记在小麦遗传育种中的应用研究进展

SSR(simple sequence repeat)标记是建立在PCR基础上的一种新型DNA分子标记。由于SSR在普通小麦中多态性丰富,随机分布于小麦的整个基因组中,多数表现为共显性,所以它是进行小麦遗传研究的理想工具。本文就SSR标记在构建小麦遗传连锁图谱、标记和定位目的基因、鉴定和标记染色体片段、鉴定品种、遗传多样性分析和标记辅助选择等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

Endosperm Texture in Wheat

One of the fundamental means of classifying wheat is through its endosperm texture. It impacts significantly on the milling process affecting among other things flour particle size and milling yield. Hardness in wheat is largely controlled by genetic factors but it can be affected by the environment and factors such as moisture, lipid, and pentosan content. The principal genetic locus controlling endosperm texture in wheat, Ha, is located on the chromosome 5D. At this locus several genes, notably the puroindolines, have been identified. Puroindolines are the major components of the 15 kDa protein band associated with starch granules that is more abundant in soft wheats than in hard. Recently the puroindolines have been shown to enhance grain hardness in rice. In this review we discuss the structure of hard and soft wheat endosperm with particular emphasis on when differences in endosperm texture can be detected in the developing seed. The role of the environment and other factors that may affect the endosperm texture is also examined together with the role of the puroindoline genes at theHa locus. Finally, we compare endosperm hardness in wheat and in barley.