小麦-黑麦异源多倍化中的微卫星序列变异

[目的]探测异源多倍化过程中微卫星序列变异。[方法]利用150对小麦微卫星引物调查了小麦-黑麦双二倍体形成过程中微卫星序列的变异情况。[结果]与杂交F1植株及亲本植株相比,28对引物从双二倍体中扩增产物发生了变异,而其余引物从亲本、F1植株及双二倍体中扩增的带型相同。[结论]这表明常发生在二倍体生物中的微卫星序列变异现象在植物异源多倍化过程中也会发生,异源多倍化可能是促进微卫星进化的又一个不可忽视的动力。     

基于掖478导入系的玉米产量性状QTL鉴定

 目的】鉴定玉米产量相关性状基因位点及包含有利等位基因的导入系,为了解产量性状形成的遗传基础及针对玉米自交系产量性状的分子设计提供参考和依据。【方法】以QB80和Qi319为供体亲本,掖478为轮回亲本,采用回交结合定向选择,分别构建含有61和72个家系的基础导入系群体。通过2年4点田间试验,利用完备复合区间作图进行产量及其相关性状的QTL（quantitative trait locus,QTL）分析。【结果】4个环境下,在QB80为供体的导入系群体中,共检测到9个性状的49个QTL;在Qi319为供体的导入系群体中,检测到9个性状的42个QTL。在2个及以上环境中均检测到的QTL有16个。同一性状在不同环境下所检测的QTL定位在相同的染色体区域,不同性状的QTL也定位在相同或临近的染色体区域,形成多个QTL富集区。2个群体所检测的QTL位点具有较少的一致性,说明2个供体材料中含有不同的有利基因位点。同时,导入片段中含有利基因的导入系,其相关性状明显得以改良,这些导入系可用于QTL聚合以改良掖478的产量相关性状。【结论】QB80较Qi319与掖478间的遗传差异更大,能检测更多的产量性状QTL;2个导入系群体中含有优良等位基因的导入系可用于QTL聚合改良掖478;QTL富集区是为产量性状基因的克隆提供可供参考的重要染色体区域。     

Bulk pollen pollination in maize for efficient construction of introgression populations with high genome coverage

Introgression populations consist of a set of introgression lines or families, constructed by continuous backcrossing to the recurrent parent, while carrying a limited number of chromosome segments from a donor parent in their genomes. Increasing the genome coverage is an important aim when constructing introgression population. In this study, we proposed bulk pollen pollination (BPP) method and used it to increase the genome coverage of a maize introgression population. The results showed that the genome coverage of the introgression population constructed using BPP method reached 100% at BC₃ generation, which accorded with the simulation result. The BPP‐based BC₃F_1:2 population could identify most quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected using the F_2:3 population, especially major QTL. Simulation analysis showed that the genome coverage of introgression population increased with the increase of population size and the number of bulked plants, and decreased with the increase of backcross generation. Our results proved the reliability of the BPP‐based introgression population in increasing genome coverage and detecting QTL, and provided references for constructing high‐coverage introgression populations.     

Identification and verification of quantitative trait loci for eating and cooking quality of rice (Oryza sativa)

This study was conducted to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that have stable effects for eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice. Three recombinant inbred line populations of indica rice were each planted in two years. Three traits for ECQ, amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and alkali spreading value (ASV), were measured for QTL analysis. A total of 13 QTLs were detected, including four for AC, six for ASV and three for GC. Two QTLs, qGC4 in the interval RM16252–RM335 on the short arm of chromosome 4 and qGC6.2 in the Alk region, were validated in a population derived from a residual heterozygote that was homozygous at the major locus Wx. In the absence of segregation at the Wx locus, qGC4 and qGC6.2 had additive effects of 2.46 and 8.18 mm, respectively, offering a potential for improving GC property of rice varieties. Comparison between qGC4 and previous results suggests that qGC4 is likely a new QTL for GC, providing a candidate for gene cloning and functional characterization.     

Identification of QTL Affecting Protein and Amino Acid Contents in Rice

The phenotypes of protein and amino acid contents were measured in an F9 recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Zhenshan 97B and Delong 208. A total of 48 and 64 QTLs were identified in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The contribution of each QTL to the phenotypic variation ranged from 4.0% to 43.7%. Most QTLs co-localized, forming 29 QTL clusters on the chromosomes with three major ones detected in both years, which were mapped on chromosomes 1, 7 and 9, respectively. The two QTL clus...     

SSR标记在小麦遗传育种中的应用研究进展

SSR(simple sequence repeat)标记是建立在PCR基础上的一种新型DNA分子标记。由于SSR在普通小麦中多态性丰富,随机分布于小麦的整个基因组中,多数表现为共显性,所以它是进行小麦遗传研究的理想工具。本文就SSR标记在构建小麦遗传连锁图谱、标记和定位目的基因、鉴定和标记染色体片段、鉴定品种、遗传多样性分析和标记辅助选择等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

Endosperm Texture in Wheat

One of the fundamental means of classifying wheat is through its endosperm texture. It impacts significantly on the milling process affecting among other things flour particle size and milling yield. Hardness in wheat is largely controlled by genetic factors but it can be affected by the environment and factors such as moisture, lipid, and pentosan content. The principal genetic locus controlling endosperm texture in wheat, Ha, is located on the chromosome 5D. At this locus several genes, notably the puroindolines, have been identified. Puroindolines are the major components of the 15 kDa protein band associated with starch granules that is more abundant in soft wheats than in hard. Recently the puroindolines have been shown to enhance grain hardness in rice. In this review we discuss the structure of hard and soft wheat endosperm with particular emphasis on when differences in endosperm texture can be detected in the developing seed. The role of the environment and other factors that may affect the endosperm texture is also examined together with the role of the puroindoline genes at theHa locus. Finally, we compare endosperm hardness in wheat and in barley.     

水稻种子低氧发芽力的QTL定位和上位性分析

利用35份水稻品种资源,评价了在不同水深、温度等低氧条件下的种子萌发情况,表明水温30℃、水深0.2 m下黑暗萌发5 d为最佳鉴定方法,并以此条件下水稻种子萌发的芽长为鉴定指标,评价了359份水稻品种低氧发芽力地区间、籼粳间的差异。进一步利用81个Kinmaze/DV85 重组自交系群体进行了水稻低氧发芽力数量性状位点分析, 在第1、2、5、7染色体上检测到5 个低氧发芽力QTL,其中第5染色体上存在2个QTL,各QTL的贡献率为10.5%～19.6%。同时进行上位性分析,检测到3对互作位点,分别位于第2、3、5、11染色体上,其中位于第3染色体上标记C563-X182之间的位点与第5染色体上标记R830-X208之间的位点的互作贡献率高达48.78%。     

水稻株高QTL及其与产量性状和抽穗期关系的研究进展

株高是一个与水稻品种丰产潜力密切相关的重要性状。主效半矮秆基因背景下的水稻株高变异,一般表现为受多基因控制的数量性状。最近的研究表明,已定位的株高QTL分布于水稻的所有12条染色体,其中4个QTL已克隆。克隆研究和QTL初定位结果表明,株高QTL往往存在对产量性状和（或）抽穗期的多效作用,可利用于提高水稻产量潜力。     

小麦新抗源抗锈性评价和SSR位点遗传多样性

为了解小麦条锈病新抗源兴资9104、品冬34、秦农142、彬旱355的抗病性及遗传基础,对其苗期和成株期分别进行抗条锈性鉴定,并以小麦全基因组SSR标记为工具分析了新抗源与四个感病材料(Avocet S、铭贤169、790-149-34、中国春)间的遗传多样性。结果表明,兴资9104、品冬34、秦农142、彬旱355对当前条锈病流行小种具有全生育期或成株期抗性; 在975个SSR多态性位点共有3 390个等位性变异,每个位点平均等位变异3.48;全基因组和A、B、D基因组范围聚类结果基本一致,8个材料可分成三类,其中品冬34遗传背景与其他材料差异较大;随机抽取部分标记进行标记数量累加聚类,标记数量愈多,聚类结果愈稳定可靠。