中国北方玉蜀黍黑粉菌交配型a位点鉴别及遗传多样性分析

利用特异性引物对2017年采自7个省(自治区)的84份玉米瘤黑粉病菌进行交配型a位点鉴别,采用相关序列扩增多态性(ISSR)分子标记技术对供试菌株进行遗传多样性分析,分析我国北方玉米主要产区玉蜀黍黑粉菌交配型a位点基因型种类及其遗传多样性水平。结果表明,玉蜀黍黑粉菌交配型a位点基因型主要有mfa1、mfa2和mfa1+mfa2三个种类,84株菌株中,mfa1基因型和mfa1+mfa2基因型均有31株,占鉴定株数的36.9%;22株为mfa2位点,占鉴定株数的26.2%。通过筛选出的8条ISSR引物共扩增出61条清晰条带,特异性条带55条,多态性位点所占比例为90.2%。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,供试菌株遗传相似系数介于0.59～0.92,在遗传相似系数为0.65时供试菌株被分为6个类群,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。ISSR揭示的玉蜀黍黑粉菌遗传多样性、交配型a位点基因型以及地理来源之间的关系分析结果表明,菌株的遗传类群和交配型a位点基因型之间无密切关系,并且两者与菌株地理来源也无明显相关性。     

短尾派线粒体基因组特征及基因差异位点分析

分析了短尾派14个物种线粒体基因组全序列,初步揭示了短尾派线粒体基因组的基本特征。短尾派线粒体基因组的基因排列与泛甲壳动物线粒体基因组相比,发生了大规模的基因重排;然而,trnH基因的易位是短尾派14个物种所共有的,从而可以视作短尾派线粒体基因组的一个共同衍征。绒螯蟹属和青蟹属所有13个线粒体蛋白质编码基因的Ka/Ks比值均远远低于1,显示出很强的纯化(负)选择。从线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因和2个核糖体RNA基因的差异位点分析可以看出,在短尾派和青蟹属群体遗传学的研究中,nad5、nad4和nad2基因可以作为coxl基因辅助的分子标记;而在绒螯蟹属群体遗传学的研究中,nad5和nad4基因可以作为coxl基因辅助的分子标记。     

合浦珠母贝3个养殖群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

采用微卫星分子标记对我国广东大亚湾、广西北海、海南三亚的合浦珠母贝养殖群体进行了遗传多样性分析.从49对引物中筛选出31对有效扩增引物,种群扩增获得9个多态位点,多态位点比例为29.03%.它们在3个群体共96个个体中产生了44个等位基因,平均每个位点产生4.889个.3个群体的平均期望杂合度分别为0.590、0.600、0.615;平均观察杂合度分别是0.393、0.425、0.325;平均多态信息含量PIC值分别是0.530、0.551、0.556.表明3个群体的遗传多样性处于较高水平.平均遗传偏离指数分别为-0.324、-0.336、-0.304;哈代-温伯格平衡检测发现,3个群体27个位点中21个位点偏离平衡状态.遗传分化和遗传距离分析表明,海南群体与广东群体之间的亲缘关系较近,而与广西群体的亲缘关系较远.     

鲤头长、体厚、体高性状的QTL定位及遗传效应分析

用174个SSR、41个EST、345个SNP标记对以镜鲤良种后代为祖父母本所培育的杂交F2群体的68个个体进行基因型检测,运用JoinMap4.0软件包构建遗传连锁图。利用MapQTL5.0区间作图法(interval mapping,IM)和多QTL区间定位法(MQM mapping,MQM)进行QTL检测,通过置换实验(1000次重复)确定连锁群显著性水平阈值。在对体高、头长、体厚的区间定位中,共检测到6个与体高性状相关的QTLs区间,分布在LG1(SNP1339-SNP1490)、LG10(HLJE469-SNP1491)、LG12(SNP0922-HLJ1316)、LG13(SNP0937-HLJ328)、LG25(SNP1041-HLJ594)、LG35(SNP1425-SNP0389)等6个连锁群上,解释表型变异范围为20.0%～43.3%。其中,SNP1339-SNP1490区间LOD值最大为3.64,解释表型变异35.4%。6个与头长相关的QTLs,分布在LG1(SNP1339-SNP1490)、LG12(HLJ071-HLJ336)、LG13(SNP0937-HLJ328)、LG24(SN...     

斑鳢基因组中微卫星分布特征及野生种群遗传结构分析

斑鳢(Channa maculata)是华南地区的本土经济鱼类,也是杂交鳢的亲本之一。养殖个体逃逸可能会对野生种群产生影响,存在种质混杂的风险,亟须开展野生资源的遗传背景分析。该研究分析了斑鳢基因组中微卫星标记的分布特征,筛选获得20个多态性位点构建多重PCR体系,对广州、化州、江华、南宁、阳江和邵武6个野生群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,6个野生群体各位点的等位基因(Na)为3~28、有效等位基因(Ne)为1.28~14.88、观测杂合度(Ho)为0.10~1.00、期望杂合度(He)为0.14~0.95以及多态信息含量(PIC)为0.13~0.95。UPGAM系统进化树结果显示,化州和福建种群遗传关系最近,化州和江华种群遗传关系最远。该研究结果将为斑鳢的遗传监测和亲缘关系鉴定提供技术支持,为斑鳢种质资源养护及管理提供参考。     

虹鳟、山女鳟及其杂交子代（虹鳟♀×山女鳟♂）的微卫星分析

摘 要：利用虹鳟（♀）和山女鳟（♂）进行种间杂交,获得了90.00%的受精率,80.52%的发眼率,90.68%的孵化率和30.68%的鱼苗成活率。运用13个微卫星分子标记对杂交亲本与杂交子代进行了分子遗传机制的研究,结果表明：(1) 在13个微卫星位点中,3个位点只在虹鳟中得到扩增产物,6个位点扩增出虹鳟和山女鳟清晰的差异条带,另外4个位点在双亲中没有扩增出显著差异条带;(2) 双亲遗传分化显著,虹鳟和山女鳟存在杂交现象,虹鳟和山女鳟杂交子代的遗传符合孟德尔遗传规律,属两性融合生殖,是真正意义上的杂交种。 (3) 杂交后代与虹鳟和山女鳟的遗传相似性系数分别为0.4617和0.5965,遗传距离分别为0.7729和0.5168, 表明杂交F1与两亲本的遗传差异不是对等的, 而是偏向父本一方,UPGMA系统树也同样证明了这一点。本研究结果将为虹鳟、山女鳟两种鱼的杂交育种工作的进一步开展提供依据。     

Molecular identification of Pm12-carrying introgression lines in wheat using genomic and EST-SSR markers

The traditional process of obtaining maize hybrids involves the generation of inbred lines through successive generations of selfing and subsequent testcrosses in order to identify the best combining ability by allelic complementation. A fast alternative to obtain inbred lines is to induce the formation of haploids followed by chromosome doubling. However, even with the aid of haploid-inducing genetic sources, this strategy has not been widely used in maize breeding programs, partly due to difficulties inherent to haploid generation and identification. In order to evaluate the possibility of using dihaploids to generate homozygous maize tropical lines, we used the androgenetic haploid inducer line W23 as a female parent in crosses with the tropical single-cross hybrid BRS1010. Within the progeny of these crosses, 462 seeds were phenotypically selected as putative haploids by the purple-colored endosperm and colorless embryo conditioned by the R1-nj gene. Among these, only four individuals were confirmed as being haploids using SSR markers, chromosome counting and flow cytometry, showing that the phenotypic marker was not efficient in detecting haploids in the tropical maize genotype used. All four haploids as well as some diploid plants presented reduced size, corroborating the difficulties for haploid identification by phenotypic evaluation. Genetic diversity analysis revealed by SSR markers divided the haploids in two groups represented by flint and dent maize inbred lines, which could be helpful in identifying complementary dihaploid lines. The present article demonstrates that a combination of haploid production and SSR fingerprinting is a feasible strategy for maize hybrid development in tropical germplasm.     

QTL Analysis for Grain Iron and Zinc Concentrations in Two O. nivara Derived Backcross Populations

Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for grain mineral elements can assist in faster and more precise development of micronutrient dense rice varieties through marker-assisted breeding. In the present study, QTLs were mapped for Fe and Zn concentrations in two BC₂F₃ mapping populations derived from the crosses of O. sativa cv Swarna with two different accessions of O. nivara. In all, 10 and 8 QTLs were identified for grain Fe and Zn concentrations in population 1, and 7 and 5 QTLs were identified in population 2, respectively. Eighty percent of the QTLs detected in both populations were derived from O. nivara. Five QTLs for Fe and three QTLs for Zn explained more than 15% phenotypic variance either in interval or composite interval mapping. The locations of O. nivara derived QTLs such as qFe2.1, qFe3.1, qFe8.2 and qZn12.1 were consistently identified in both the populations. Epistatic interaction was observed only between RM106 and RM6 on chromosome 2 and between RM22 and RM7 on chromosome 3 for Fe concentration in population 1. Sixteen candidate genes for metal homeostasis were found to co-locate with 10 QTLs for Fe and Zn concentrations in both the populations. Most of the Fe and Zn QTLs were found to co-locate with QTLs for grain yield and grain quality traits. Some of the major effect QTLs identified can be used to improve rice grain Fe and Zn concentrations.     

秦巴山区黄牛群体的微卫星DNA遗传多样性

为分析秦巴山区西镇牛、赤崖牛、陨巴牛和宣汉牛4个黄牛(Bos taurus)品种的遗传多样性,本研究以蜀宣花牛和郏县红牛作对照,利用12对微卫星引物对6个黄牛品种的289头黄牛个体进行了遗传多样性检测,统计了各品种的等位基因及频率、有效等位基因数、遗传杂合度、多态信息含量及各群体间遗传距离,并对其进行聚类分析.结果表明,6个黄牛品种在12个微卫星位点共发现110个等位基因,等位基因频率为0.001 6～0.517 3,总群体各位点平均有效等位基因数为2.787 7～7.132 6;各位点多态信息含量为0.5192～0.895 3;平均杂合度为0.667 2～0.724 1.群体间发现特有等位基因11个,基因频率为0.008 1～0.381 6;优势等位基因(P＞0.4) 19个,基因频率为0.403 2～0.820 0;共有等位基因41个,占全部等位基因的37.27％,仅有13个共有等位基因为优势等位基因(P＞0.4),占37.71％.群体间Nei's遗传一致度为0.596 5～0.840 8,标准遗传距离(Ds)为0.173 5～0.524 7.聚类分析结果显示,6个黄牛品种聚为3类,陨巴牛与宣汉牛首先聚在一起,然后同西镇牛聚在一类;赤崖牛与郏县红牛聚为一类;蜀宣花牛自成一类.研究结果表明,12对微卫星标记可用于秦巴山区黄牛遗传多样性的分析,秦巴山区各黄牛品种遗传多样性丰富,选育程度不同,4个黄牛品种虽然地理分布格局相近,自然环境相似,但亲缘关系并非相近,应为来源不同的品种.因此,西镇牛、赤崖牛、陨巴牛和宣汉牛不宜合并为1个品种.本研究所揭示的秦巴山区黄牛品种的遗传分化特点及亲缘关系,为研究品种的遗传共适应特点,预测杂交优势,制定育种战略等提供了科学依据.     

水稻产量性状竞争优势QTL定位

【目的】检测与水稻产量性状竞争优势相关的数量性状座位（QTL）,探讨水稻竞争优势的遗传基础。【方法】以特青为母本、以基于IR24遗传背景的6个IRBB近等基因系为父本,配组衍生了由204个水稻恢复系株系组成的重组自交系（RIL）群体,并用各个RIL与不育系中9A杂交获得测交F₁群体。两年同地种植两套群体,相邻两列并列种植相应的RIL和F₁,设2次重复。成熟时每份材料每个重复混收中间4株,考查单株穗数、每穗实粒数、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株产量,计算得出2次重复的平均值。在各个性状上,以同一年的数据为基础,将F₁表现型减除对应RIL表现型,获得1套衍生数据。以（F₁-RIL）数据为基础,应用QTLNetwork 2.0检测QTL;经1 000次Permutation计算,选用全基因组显著性水平P＜0.05为阈值。【结果】6个产量性状在RIL和F₁群体之间均呈极显著正相关,相关系数以千粒重最高,为0.903;以单株穗数和单株产量最低,分别为0.333和0.357;结实率、每穗实粒数和每穗总粒数居中,分别为0.406、0.448和0.680。结果还表明,随着RIL表型值的增加,F₁杂种优势强度逐步降低、杂种劣势强度逐步升高。未检测到控制单株穗数的QTL,但在其他5个性状上共检测到16个QTL,分布于水稻第2、3、5、6、8和10染色体,其中,3个控制每穗实粒数,4个控制每穗总粒数,3个控制结实率,4个控制千粒重,2个控制单株产量,单个QTL的贡献率为1.7 %-22.1 %。控制每穗实粒数的所有3个QTL全部表现为中9A/IR24的竞争优势优于中9A/特青,而在每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重上,分别有3、2和2个QTL表现为中9A/IR24的竞争优势优于中9A/特青,有1、1和2个QTL表现为中9A/特青的竞争优势优于中9A/IR24。在控制单株产量的2个QTL中,qGY2与控制每穗实粒数和每穗总粒数的qNGP2和qNSP2位于同一区间,qGY10与控制每穗实粒数和结实率的qNGP10和qSF10位于同一区间,它们均表现为中9A/IR24的竞争优势高于中9A/特青。【结论】亲本性状表现和杂种优势均对F₁的产量表现具有重要作用,与竞争优势有关的QTL对杂交稻产量性状遗传控制具有重要作用。