栉孔扇贝、虾夷扇贝及其杂交子代的MSAP分析

运用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism,MSAP)技术对栉孔扇贝(♀)、虾夷扇贝(♂)及其杂交子一代、子二代基因组DNA胞嘧啶甲基化水平进行了研究,并分析了DNA甲基化与各性状的相关性及其与杂种优势的关系。结果表明,(1)DNA甲基化率与壳宽、总重等表型值呈正相关的关系,而与壳长、壳高、软体重和闭壳肌重4个性状表型值呈负相关的关系,其中闭壳肌重与甲基化率的相关性达到极显著水平(P<0.01);(2)虾夷扇贝、栉孔扇贝、F1代、F2代的总甲基化率分别为32.79%、24.13%、19.98%、20.18%,杂交种F1代的甲基化水平低于双亲,是两种扇贝杂交的结果;F1代的甲基化模式经过了重新调整,其变化相对其亲本主要有4种类型:甲基化水平相同、去甲基化、超甲基化、次甲基化,且去甲基化位点多于超甲基化位点。结果证实杂种优势的产生与杂交种F1代基因组DNA甲基化模式的改变和重新调整有关,丰富了杂种优势机理研究内容。     

猪RBP1和RBP4基因的定位、组织表达谱分析、多态研究及相关分析

类维生素A（维生素A及其代谢产物）在动物的视觉、生长、繁殖、细胞的分化及胚胎发育等方面起重要的作用。利用猪的辐射杂种克隆板，将猪细胞视黄醇结合蛋白基因1（RBP1）和猪血浆视黄醇结合蛋白基因4（RBP4）分别定位在猪13号和14号染色体上。利用半定量RT－PCR方法，对这两个基因在成年五指山猪十二种不同组织（肺、骨骼肌、脾、心脏、胃、大肠、淋巴结、小肠、肝、大脑、肾、脂肪）的组织表达谱进行了分析。在猪的血浆视黄醇结合蛋白基因4中，发现一个单核苷酸多态位点（RBP4-A/G156），并用基于聚合酶链式反应的限制性片段长度多态性方法(PCR-RFLP)，对这一多态在莱芜黑猪、五指山小型猪、贵州小型猪、广西巴马小型猪和通城实验猪群中的分布进行了研究。在通城实验猪群中，进行了不同基因型与性状间的关联分析，发现其不同的基因型与胴体直长、胴体斜长、血红蛋白浓度、平均血细胞血红蛋白量、达上市体重日龄高度相关。在猪的生产和育种中，这一多态位点可能会成为有用的分子标记。     

Maintaining Genetic Resources of Peach Palm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactris gasipaes</Emphasis> Kunth): The Role of Seed Migration and Swidden-fallow Management in Northeastern Peru

Knowledge of the effects of farmer practices on population genetic parameters of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is relevant to the improvement and conservation of the palm’s genetic resources. Microsatellite markers were used to assess genetic diversity and population structure of peach palm in swidden-fallow agroforestry systems in northeastern Peru. The study covered eight communities, comprising two study areas 160 km apart – one occupied by indigenous Amerindians and the other by mixed race campesinos. Simultaneous analysis of an ex situ peach palm germplasm collection provided a means to compare population genetic parameters. Farmers who were surveyed on seed selection practices for peach palm reported that an average of only four palms (4.3 for campesino and 1.5 for indigenous populations) were used to provide seed for the establishment of the forest gardens sampled. As expected, inbreeding coefficients observed within communities were relatively high (f = 0.105 − 0.210), however, observed heterozygosities within communities were also high (0.625–0.741). A metapopulation approach was used to describe migration within and among regions, implying a hierarchical structure of gene flow which maintains relatively high levels of genetic diversity. Seed migration was found to occur over longer distances (≤600 km) and at a higher frequency (46% of palms sampled) in the indigenous study area, and a proportionally greater number of alleles was found (49 vs. 43 over three loci) with twice as many private alleles occurring only in the indigenous populations. The farmers’ practice of preserving remnant palms through successive swidden generations may have contributed to the maintenance of alleles by reducing the severity of founder effects. Although the campesino study area exhibited a significant (20% of the variation; p < 0.01) isolation-by-distance relationship across 35 km distance, in general, both study populations had relatively limited genetic structure (θ = 0.012–0.03), which is believed to have resulted from the exchange of seeds over long distances and periods of time.     

单核苷酸多态性在大豆育种中的应用

单核苷酸多态性 (singlenucleotidepolymorphism ,SNP)是指DNA序列上的单个碱基变异 ,它具有分布广、多态信息量大、易于检测和统计分析等优点 ,被称为继RFLP和微卫星标记后的第三代基因遗传标记。单核苷酸多态性是等位基因间序列差异最为普遍的类型 ,可作为一种高通量的遗传标记。已建立PCR扩增目标序列及其产物测序和电子SNP(eSNP)等多种发现和检测SNP的方法。大豆等作物也已开展了SNP分析。     

Morphological differences among Raphanus raphanistrum populations and their relationship to related crops

Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) has developed introgressed populations after hybridization with its cultivated counterpart (R. sativus) in California. Hybridization with various Brassica and Sinapis species is also possible. To determine if hybridization is responsible of the genetic diversity of European populations, six wild radish populations with distinct morphological traits were sampled from geographically distant regions in Europe. Plants were cultivated in an oilseed rape field and in insect‐proof cages. Silique and flower morphology, growth, and reproductive traits were measured. The wild radish populations could be discriminated by the morphological traits, but not related to geographic regions. In particular, populations of one region showed wide variability in terms of silique shape and growth behaviour, and small‐sized flowers. Although the origin of morphological diversity in wild radish is unclear, i.e. native or due to gene flow from the cultivated radish or other Brassicaceae, significant morphological divergence was found that could have relevant effects on plant ecology and adaptation.     

Silicon-mediated genotoxic alterations in Brassica juncea under arsenic stress: A comparative study of biochemical and molecular markers

Arsenic (As), one of the most harmful toxicant at the global level, severely affects plant metabolism when taken up. Interestingly, the presence of silicon (Si) as a fertilizer in As-contaminated soil is an effective strategy to decrease As accumulation in plants. Brassica juncea (var. Varuna) were grown hydroponically to investigate the role of Si at biochemical and molecular levels under arsenite (As³⁺) stress. Seedlings of B. juncea were exposed to As³⁺, Si, and a combination of both elements. Our data demonstrated that seedlings exposed to As³⁺ showed an inhibition in shoot length, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and protein, while co-application of Si improved these growth parameters. Silicon supplementation reduced As accumulation in shoot. Increase/decrease was observed in stress-related parameters (cysteine and proline), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase), and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and H₂O₂), which were improved upon co-application of Si as compared to As³⁺ alone treatment. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a suitable biomarker assay for plants for assessing the genotoxicity. Seven RAPD primers produced a total of 39 and 48 bands in the leaves of the untreated and treated seedlings, respectively. The RAPD band-profiles and genomic template stability were consistent with other growth and physiological parameters. In conclusion, the genotoxic alterations along with the biochemical parameters indicate that the exposure to Si mitigates As³⁺-induced oxidative stress by improving the stress-related parameters and antioxidant system in B. juncea.     

应用SRAP标记对六个鸡腿菇菌株的多态性分析

研究了6个鸡腿菇菌株的序列相关扩增多态性(SRAP)。结果表明,不同菌株间存在着丰富的遗传多样性,SRAP扩增指纹能有效分辨不同菌株的基因型。聚类分析表明,供试菌株在0.877的相似水平上可分为三大类:第一大类包括CC170、CC180和CC33;第二大类包括鸡腿菇和CC168;第三大类仅CC224。为鸡腿菇菌株鉴定和遗传研究提供了新的DNA分子标记技术手段。     

利用76个微卫星标记分析滇南小耳猪的遗传多样性

滇南小耳猪是云南省优良地方猪种之一,其数量大,分布广。为了阐明其群体遗传变异情况,以对其进一步有效保护和合理利用提供科学依据,本研究采用分布在家猪19条染色体上的76个微卫星标记对该猪群体54个个体进行了群体遗传变异检测。共检测到338个等位基因,每个座位的等位基因数在2~8个之间,有效等位基因数在1.956 0~5.714 3之间,平均每个座位等位基因数(4.447 4±1.204 4)个,有效等位基因数(3.509 1±0.919 7)个,群体平均杂合度及平均多态信息含量分别为0.691 7±0.097 9和0.638 8±0.114 2。研究结果表明,滇南小耳猪群体遗传多样性较丰富。     

德化黑鸡黑素皮质素受体1（MC1R）基因单核苷酸多态性分析

采用聚合酶链式反应及单链构象多态(PCR-SSCP)技术以及DNA直接测序的方法,对德化黑鸡MC1R基因编码区进行单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)分析。结果表明:引物P2扩增片段具有多态性,并表现为AA、AB和BB等3种基因型;经序列分析发现,BB型存在2个突变位点:分别在1094处(G-A)和1095处(T-C),其中在1095处的突变还导致氨基酸的改变(Cys-Arg)。由基因型分布情况表明,德化黑鸡C系(乌色)和D系(非乌色)均以AA型为主;BB型(含SNP)仅存在于C系中,而在D系中未发现,推测BB型可能是乌色性状特有或与乌色性状相关。     

黔北麻羊MSTN基因的多态性分析

为给黔北麻羊品种遗传资源的保护及进一步选育提供科学依据,利用BsmAI、MspI、EcoRI、MvaI、XmnI、MnII等6种限制性内切酶对黔北麻羊MSTN基因部分内含子1、2和外显子2进行PCR-RFLP多态性分析。结果表明:在扩增的MSTN基因1 241bp序列中含有BsmAI、EcoRI、MvaI和MnII 4个酶切位点,但均不具有多态性;未发现MspI和XmnI酶切位点。