Influence of cropping system and nitrogen input on soil fauna and microorganisms in a Swedish arable soil

Summary The development of a number of components was analysed in an agro-ecosystem study with four cropping regimens, barley without and with N fertilization, grass ley, and lucerne. A great variation in N inputs (1–39 g N m^-2 year^-1) and cropping systems produced a variation in primary production (260–790 g C m^-2 year^-1) and input of organic material to the soil (150–270 g C m^-2 year^-1). This was reflected in variations of total soil animal biomass (1.6–5.1 g C m^-2) and in variations in the abundance of various animal groups, nematodes (5.6–9.8×10⁶m^-2), micro- (2.6–4.8×10^-4 m^-2), and macroarthropods (0.9–4.2×10³ m^-2). In contrast, total bacteria, fungi, flagellates, and amoebae varied quite independently of the organic matter input. Mineralization processes covaried more with C and N inputs and total animal biomass than with microbial biomass. it is suggested that the rather constant microbial biomass was a result of an adjustment in the grazing pressure of microbial-feeding animals to the level of microbial production.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. W. Kühnelt     

Seasonal changes in microbial biomass and nutrient flush in forest soils

Microbial biomass and N, P, K, and Mg flushes were estimated in spring, summer, autumn, and winter samples of different forest soils. The microbial biomass showed significant seasonal fluctuations with an average distribution of 880±270 g C g^-1 soil in spring, 787±356 g C g^-1 soil in winter, 589±295 g C g^-1 soil in summer, and 560±318 g C g^-1 soil in autumn. The average annual concentrations of C, N, P, K, and Ca in the microbial biomass were 704, 106, 82, 69 and 10 g g^-1 soil, respectively. Microbial C represented between 0.5 and 2% of the organic soil C whereas the percentage of microbial N with respect to the total soil N was two-to threefold higher than that of C; the annual fluctuations in these percentages followed a similar trend to that of the microbial biomass. Microbial biomass was positively correlated with soil pH, moisture, organic C, and total N. The mean nutrient flush was 31, 15, 7, and 4 g g^-1 soil for N, K, P, and Mg, respectively, and except for K, the seasonal distribution was autumn spring winter summer. The average increase in available nutrient due to the mineralization of dead microbial cells was 240% for N, and 30, 26, and 14% for P, K, and Mg, respectively. There was a positive relationship between microbial biomass and the N, P, K, and Mg flushes. All the variables studied were significantly affected by the season, the type of soil, and the interaction between type of soil and season, but soil type often explained most of the variance.     

Polysaccharide synthesis by capsular microorganisms in coculture with cellulolytic fungi on straw and stabilization of soil aggregates

Summary Studies using cocultures of a cellulolytic fungus with a capsular organism show that microbial polysaccharides can be synthesized during the degradation of wheat straw. Polysaccharide accounted for up to 1.6% (w/w) of the initial straw weight but the sugar composition and viscosity indicated that a large fraction was low molecular weight material of plant origin. Nevertheless several cocultures produced sufficient microbial polysaccharide effectively to stabilize aggregates of Hamble silt loam. This correlated significantly with increased viscosity and also stabilization of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash. Four cocultures, Sordaria alcina with two strains of Enterobacter cloacae and a Pseudomonas sp. and Trichoderma harzianum with E. cloacae, were significantly more effective than a natural inoculum from straw. Inoculation of straw to produce a compost which can increase the stability of poorly structured soils is suggested.     

A method for determining microbially available N and P in an organic soil

Summary A bioassay of microbially available soil N and P is described. It is based on the addition of glucose together with N or P to soil, followed by monitoring of the respiration rate. The addition of glucose + N resulted in an immediate increase in the soil respiration rate followed by a short period of exponential increase, reflecting the growth of microorganisms on the added substrate. The exponential phase levelled off, when lack of P prevented further growth of the soil microorganisms. The soil respiration rate then remained constant for several hours before decreasing, when glucose became limiting. The addition of glucose + P resulted in a lower plateau of the soil respiration rate, indicating that microbial growth was more limited by N than P in this forest soil (0.28 and 0.79 mg CO₂ g^-1 organic matter h^-1, respectively). Additions of the limiting nutrient resulted in a proportional increase in the constant level of the soil respiration rate. This was used to calculated the increase in the soil respiration rate per mg N (0.71 mg CO₂ h^-1) or mg P (4.6 mg CO₂ h^-1) added to this particular soil. Microbially available N was then calculated in two ways from the regression equation (0.15 or 0.40 mg g^-1 organic matter) and P (0.13 or 0.17 mg g^-1 organic matter). A comparison with 2 M KCl extraction showed that in nutrient-poor forest soils the microbially available N was 6.3 or 18.5 times higher than the KCl extractable N.     

添加剂对黑麦草青贮品质及微生物数量的影响

为探究不同添加剂对北方地区黑麦草(Loliumspp.)青贮品质及微生物数量的影响,本试验以黑麦草为原料,设无添加剂为对照组(CK),添加植物乳杆菌(A₁)、复合菌剂(乳酸菌+纤维素酶,A₂)、商业菌剂(和美科盛乳酸菌标准品+糖蜜,A₃)进行真空袋青贮,60 d后开袋进行感官评价、发酵品质、化学成分及微生物数量分析。结果表明：所有处理组青贮饲料茎叶结构完整,与对照相比,添加剂的加入均显著降低了青贮料的pH值(P<0.05);A₂组的乳酸含量显著高于CK,A₁和A₃组(P<0.05);A₂组的丁酸含量显著低于CK,A₁和A₃组(P<0.05),V-Score评分等级为良好。综合感官评价、营养品质、发酵品质及微生物数量分析,添加乳酸菌+纤维素酶对黑麦草的青贮效果最好。     

氯嘧磺隆对土壤微生物类群及土壤呼吸强度的影响

通过实验室培养试验研究了氯嘧磺隆对土壤微生物种群动态变化和土壤呼吸强度的影响。测定了0、5、10、20、100μg kg-1的氯嘧磺隆对土壤中三大类微生物种群动态变化的影响,结果表明,氯嘧磺隆促进土壤细菌和真菌的生长,抑制放线菌的生长,真菌是氯嘧磺隆胁迫下的优势菌群。密闭法测定了0.01、0.1、1、10、100μg g-1的氯嘧磺隆对土壤呼吸的影响,结果表明,0.01、0.1、1、10μg g-1的氯嘧磺隆轻微抑制土壤呼吸,但受抑制的土壤逐渐恢复,除10μg g-1外,其它处理可恢复到对照水平,高浓度100μg g-1的氯嘧磺隆促进土壤呼吸,不能恢复到对照水平,但根据危害系数法的分级方法计算,氯嘧磺隆属于无实际毒害的农药。