高尔夫球场施用农药化肥对环境影响研究进展

高尔夫球场农药化肥对环境的影响是目前国内外普遍关注的问题,通过查阅了大量高尔夫球场环境研究文献的基础上,叙述了国内外高尔夫球场环境的研究动向,对农药化肥给高尔夫球场环境造成的影响作了总结,并提出该项目的深入研究还需解决的问题。     

夏红薯施用惠满丰有机复混肥增产效果研究

夏红薯施用惠满丰有机复混肥300，600，900kg/hm^2后，较不施肥对照增产鲜薯4183.5-6516.0kg/hm^2，增产幅度24.8%-38.6%，平均31.8%。与施用化肥相比，增产鲜薯1716.0-4048.5kg/hm^2，增幅8.9%-20.9%，增产效果极为显著。在本试验条件下，无论等养分量与否，惠满丰有机复混肥产化肥增产效果显著，从增产及效益等方面综合评估，惠满丰有机复混肥的适宜施用量是600kg/hm^2左右。     

大豆专用肥对轮作,连作大豆叶片超微结构的影响

本文通过透射电镜观察了常规施肥与施用大豆专用复肥对轮作。连作大豆叶片超微结构的影响。结果发现，大豆连作导致叶绿体基粒片层结构破坏，淀粉粒积累，基粒片层结构出现“空隙区”。与常规施肥相比，施用复肥增强了轮作，连作大豆叶片叶绿体基粒片层结构的完整性，增加了基粒数量和基粒片层数，为促进大豆叶片的光合作用创造了条件，相关分析表明，叶绿体基粒片层数与大豆植株营养生长呈显著正相关。     

褐煤不同处理方法制成的腐植酸复合肥料增效作用

本项研究初步探明了褐煤不同处理方法制成的腐植酸复合肥料对玉米、小麦出苗率、株高、叶面积、干物质累积速度、生物产量的影响；并对腐植酸复合肥料各处理间对玉米、小麦生长的促进作用进行了比较，提出了褐煤制取腐植酸复合肥料的适宜方法，为腐植酸肥料的研制生产提供了有益参考。     

2种钙肥对菜心生长及品质的影响

采用73.0 mg/L的果蔬钙肥及1.25 g/L、2.5 g/L和3.75 g/L 3种浓度的氯化钙溶液对菜心进行叶面喷施,研究不同钙肥处理对菜心生长及品质的影响。试验结果表明,不同的钙肥处理均可促进菜心的生长发育,提高叶绿素含量、增加菜心的产量、改善菜心品质,但存在差异,73.0 mg/L的果蔬钙肥处理效果最好,低浓度氯化钙处理对菜心产量和品质影响很小,中浓度氯化钙处理影响比较大,高浓度氯化钙处理比中浓度处理效果差。在不同的生长发育期,作用效应有所不同,在菜心生长的初期各钙肥处理影响不大,生长中后期影响比较大。     

棚室番茄水肥一体化试验

为对水肥一体化在生产上的应用提供数据支持,在河北永年县开展了棚室番茄水肥一体化技术与常规普通施肥对比试验。试验结果表明,采用每667 m2用水250 m3、追肥40 kg的水肥一体化技术,可比常规栽培节水34.2%、节肥20%,番茄增产4.74%。     

微生物肥对连作障碍土壤上芥蓝生长的影响

为解决土壤连作障碍问题,以不施微生物肥作对照,选用沃益多、德根贝2种微生物肥在芥蓝上进行设施栽培肥效对比试验。试验结果表明,施用微生物肥后芥蓝产量和经济效益均较对照有所增加,其中,沃益多处理的芥蓝产量增幅为10.07%,增值22 163元/hm2,德根贝处理的产量增幅为11.46%,增值25 817元/hm2,且达到显著差异,说明微生物肥对连作障碍有很好的缓解作用。     

养殖废弃物生物有机肥对辣椒抗寒性的影响

以辣椒超越五号为试材,研究了低温胁迫下施用养殖废弃物生物有机肥对辣椒抗寒性的影响。试验结果表明,与无机肥料(复合肥)相比,施用生物有机肥料之后,辣椒叶片电解质渗透率、丙二醛含量显著降低,施用量越大,下降幅度也越大;脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量明显升高,与此同时叶片中的过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性也明显高于无机肥料处理,在适宜的施肥量范围内,肥料施用量越大,酶活性上升幅度也越大。经低温胁迫后,各指标的变化有明显的差异,说明辣椒抗寒性需要结合多个指标进行综合评价。     

不同施肥水平对中甘8号甘蓝产量形成的影响

针对中甘8号甘蓝种植过程中基肥与追肥搭配不合理的问题,开展甘蓝基肥施用的 N、P、K 最佳配比、最佳追肥水平的研究。研究结果表明,以 N∶P2O5∶K2O 为13∶5∶7的洋洋复合肥加农家肥作基肥,甘蓝产量高、商品性好;每667 m2施用25 kg 的尿素作追肥,甘蓝综合性状较好。     

Nursery‐Box Total Fertilization Technology (NBTF) Application for Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Chinese Irrigated Riceland: N–Soil Interactions

High N fertilizer and flooding irrigation applied to rice in anthropogenic‐alluvial soil often result in N leaching and low use efficiency of applied fertilizer N from the rice field in Ningxia irrigation region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Sound N management practices need to be established to improve N use efficiency while sustaining high grain yield levels and minimize fertilizer N loss to the environment. We investigated the effects of Nursery Box Total Fertilization technology (NBTF) on N leaching at different rice growing stages, N use efficiency and rice yield in 2010 and 2011. The four fertilizer N treatments were 300 kg N ha⁻¹ (CU, Conventional treatment of urea at 300 kg N ha⁻¹), 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (NBTF120, NBTF treatment of controlled‐release N fertilizer at 120 kg N ha⁻¹), 80 kgN ha⁻¹ (NBTF80, NBTF treatment of controlled‐release N fertilizer at 80 kg N ha⁻¹) and no N fertilizer application treatment (CK). The results showed that the NBTF120 treatment increased N use efficiency, maintained crop yields and substantially reduced N losses to the environment. Under the CU treatment, the rice yield was 9634 and 7098 kg ha⁻¹, the N use efficiency was 31·6% and 34·8% and the leaching losses of TN were 44·51 and 39·89 kg ha⁻¹; NH₄⁺‐N was 5·26 and 5·49 kg ha⁻¹, and NO₃⁻‐N was 27·94 and 26·22 kg ha⁻¹ during the rice whole growing period in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Compared with CU, NBTF120 significantly increased the N use efficiency and decreased the N losses from the paddy field. Under NBTF120, the N use efficiency was 56·3% and 51·4%, which was 24·7% and 16·6% higher than that of CU, and the conventional fertilizer application rate could be reduced by 60% without lowering the rice yield while decreasing the leaching losses of TN by 16·27 and 14·36 kg ha⁻¹, NH₄⁺‐N by 0·90 and 1·84 kg ha⁻¹, NO₃⁻‐N by 110·6 and 10·14 kg ha⁻¹ in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Our results indicate that the CU treatment resulted in relatively high N leaching losses, and that alternative practice of NBTF which synchronized fertilizer application with crop demand substantially reduced these losses. We therefore suggest the NBTF120 be a fertilizer application alternative which leads to high food production but low environmental impact. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.