黄淮海平原县域农村居民点布局优化及其整治策略

为合理确定农村居民点的布局优化方向,科学指导土地整治和新农村建设中农村居民点的迁移合并实践,该文以河北省曲周县为例,从农村居民点自身发展条件和邻近居民点的空间相互作用关系2个角度,构建了以斑块为单元符合平原区特点的农村居民点结节性指数评价体系,利用多因素综合评价法测算了各农村居民点结节性指数值;利用引力模型确定了整理单元,总结出农村居民点间的4种空间相互作用关系,即串联型、并联型、聚合型、双核型;在此基础上,分别利用场强模型和引力模型将河北省曲周县242个主要农村居民点划分为城镇化型、重点发展型、规模控制型和迁移合并型,并有针对性的提出布局优化调控建议。研究结果符合曲周县实际情况,为当地农村居民点整理工作提供了依据,对黄淮海平原其他农区的农村居民点科学规划与布局有一定借鉴意义。     

半干旱地区坡耕地渗水孔耕作法试验研究

定西地区属半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区,农业生产发展缓慢的主要原因是干旱缺水和水土流失。经坡地田间聚流技术试验研究表明:渗水孔耕作法,不仅能增强天然降雨入渗,而且还能增加入渗深度,减少地表蒸发,提高了降雨利用率和水分利用效率,达到了保土、增收及合理利用水土资源的目的。     

全国高等院校农村区域发展本科专业建设的主要经验研究

我国高等院校农村区域发展专业在建设中积累了大量的经验。这些经验主要包括:因地制宜设定了本专业人才培养的目标,优化课程体系,以核心教材和区域性特色教材开发为突破口,积极加强教材建设,推行参与式教学方法,制定了科学的专业发展规划。     

An integrated hydro-economic modelling framework to evaluate water allocation strategies II: Scenario assessment

In this paper the results of an assessment of the hydrological and economic implications of reallocating water in the Musi sub-basin, a catchment within the Krishna Basin in India, are reported. Policy makers identified a number of different but plausible scenarios that could apply in the sub-basin, involving; supplying additional urban demand from agricultural allocations of water, implementing a number of demand management strategies, changing the timing of releases for hydropower generation, changing the crops grown under irrigation, reducing existing stream flows and allowing for more environmental flows. The framework chosen to undertake this assessment was a simulation model that measures and compares the economic values of water allocation scenarios determined from a water allocation model that accounts for supplies of groundwater and surface water across a number of regions and over a variety of uses. Policy makers are provided with the range of measures on the security of the supply of water and the social costs and benefits of reallocating water between sectors and across regions within the sub-basin. Taking water from agriculture to supply urban users has a greater impact on irrigation supplies during dry years. It was also found that changing the allocation of water between sectors, by taking it away from agriculture had a large positive economic impact on the urban sector. Yet the costs involved in undertaking such a strategy results in a significant loss in the net present value of the scheme. Stream flow reductions, if significantly large (at around 20%), were found to have a large physical and economic impact on the agricultural sector. Implementing water saving strategies in Hyderabad was found to be more cost effective than taking water from agriculture, if rainwater tanks are used to achieve this. Changing the timing of hydropower flows resulted in best meeting of irrigation demand in NSLC and NSRC. Under this scenario, the crops grown under irrigation were found to have a significant economic impact on the sub-basin, but not as large as farmers undertaking crop diversification strategies, ones which result in farmers growing less rice. The security of supplying water to different agricultural zones has significantly improved under this scenario. Finally, releasing water for environmental purposes was found to have only a minor impact on the agricultural sector.     

干旱半干旱地区径流林业研究进展

在径流林业理论的基础上,对干旱半干旱地区抗旱造林中高效集水技术及土壤蓄水保墒技术的研究现状进行了综述,分析了集水造林技术中存在的问题,最后对集水造林技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

树立正确的农民利益观探讨

“三农”问题错综复杂,已经对中国全面建设小康社会和实现现代化形成“瓶颈”性制约。但其无论如何复杂,怎么变换,都离不开农民利益这个核心问题。关键是要坚持以人为本的科学发展观和统筹城乡发展的指导思想,充分认识农民利益的重要意义,树立综合全面的、整体协调的、区别对待的、脚踏实地的、可持续发展的、客观公正的、有制度保障的农民利益观,才能够实现好、维护好、发展好农民利益,从而推动“三农”问题的根本解决。     

中国景区城镇生态园林建设存在的问题和今后的对策

景区城镇的生态园林建设有利于促进景区和城镇生态环境的改善。现阶段中国景区城镇的生态园林建设存在规划水平不高、城市整体形象不鲜明、绿地面积普遍偏少等问题。今后中国景区城镇的生态园林建设应采取(1)加强法制建设;建设生态城市;(2)推广生态园林,搞好形象设计;(3)推进城镇园林化,严防景区城镇化;(4)加强科技创新,搞好园林植物配置等对策。     

皖北贫困地区农村社会保障存在的问题及对策

构建和谐社会,统筹城乡经济社会发展的重要一环是建立新型农村社会保障体系,而皖北贫困地区农村社会保障更是其中薄弱的一环,其解决的好坏,将直接影响到新农村建设乃至整个社会的持续发展及和谐社会的构建。针对当今皖北贫困地区农村社会保障的现实背景、存在问题及已有研究理论进行仔细分析后,提出了解决这一问题的具体措施,主要包括:建立和完善农村社会救济制度、健全农村医疗保障制度等,以构建切实有效的农村社会保障模式。     

中国农村社会保障资金的筹集和管理研究

我国要建立起符合自己国情的农村现代社会保障体系，就必须尽快地解决社会保障资金的筹集和管理等相关问题。当前我国农村社会保障体系建设主要存在资金来源不足、管理混乱和使用效率低下等问题。为此，一方面必须建立规范的资金筹集机制，增加保障资金的来源渠道，另一方面需要加强农村社套保障资金的监督管理，增强资金的保值增值能力。     

我国农村贫困测度动态指标体系的构建

从我国农村贫困的实际出发,利用福利经济学的相关理论,在分析国际上衡量贫困的主要指标的基础上,通过引入"动态贫困差异率",构建起一套测度我国农村贫困状况的动态指标体系。