内蒙古巴图湾水库库区不同沙障设置初期植物与土壤特征研究

为研究巴图湾水库库区实施防沙措施后土壤与植被的特征,选取了库区的尼龙网沙障、草方格沙障和草绳沙障,采用野外调查和室内分析的方法,对不同程度沙障内的植被及土壤指标进行了测定,初步得出:不同保存程度的尼龙网沙障植被长势存在差异。尼龙网沙障内粒度组成以中沙、细沙为主,细沙含量高于中沙。草方格内沙土0-30cm的中沙和细沙含量最高,30-50cm细沙含量最高,中沙次之,上层较深层沙粒粗。草绳沙障内沙土的粒度组成与尼龙网沙障结果相似,细沙含量最高,中沙次之。三种沙障的土壤全N、全P、全K的含量均较低,无明显差别。沙蒿地上生物量与有机质的变化趋势变化基本一致。     

Consequences of adult and juvenile movement for marine protected areas

Adult and juvenile mobility has a considerable influence on the functioning of marine protected areas. It is recognized that adult and juvenile movement reduces the core benefits of protected areas, namely protecting the full age–structure of marine populations, while at the same time perhaps improving fisheries yield over the no-reserve situation through export of individuals from protected areas. Nevertheless, the study of the consequences of movement on protected area functioning is unbalanced. Significant attention has been paid to the influence of certain movement patterns, such as diffusive movement and home ranges, while the impacts of others, such as density-dependent movements and ontogenetic migrations, have been relatively ignored. Here we review the diversity of density-independent and density-dependent movement patterns, as well as what is currently known about their consequences for the conservation and fisheries effects of marine protected areas. We highlight a number of ‘partially addressed’ issues in marine protected area research, such as the effects of reserves targeting specific life phases, and a number of essentially unstudied issues, such as density-dependent movements, nomadism, ontogenetic migrations, behavioral polymorphism and ‘dynamic’ reserves that adjust location as a realtime response to habitat changes. Assessing these issues will be essential to creating effective marine protected area networks for mobile species and accurately assessing reserve impacts on these species.     

Aesthetic preferences of non-farmers and farmers for different land-use types and proportions of ecological compensation areas in the Swiss lowlands

Beyond its traditional function of food production, agricultural land offers public amenities such as the protection of natural resources and landscape scenery. This study investigates the preferences of non-farmers and farmers for nine landscape scenarios in the Swiss lowlands. The nine landscapes were the result of a photo editing process combining three land-use types (arable crops, grassland and a mixture of both) and three proportions of ecological compensation areas (0%, 10% and 30%). The landscape photographs were randomly arranged on one page of a paper-based questionnaire which was sent to a random sample of 4000 Swiss households (non-farmers) and 500 farmers. The respondents (1376 non-farmers and 276 farmers) rated each landscape by attractiveness. Both non-farmers and farmers preferred a mixed land-use type or one dominated by arable crops over one dominated by grassland. Non-farmers’ preference ratings were highly influenced by the proportion of ecological compensation areas (ECAs) in the rated landscape: Non-farmers rated a landscape with a mixed land-use type and 30% ECAs highest, whereas farmers rated a landscape dominated by arable crops and 10% ECAs highest. The results indicate that heterogeneous landscapes (mixed land use, high proportion of ECAs) influence scenic beauty positively. Thus, farming practices and agro-environment schemes such as ECAs can have an impact on the visual attractiveness of a landscape.     

Community-based conservation results in the recovery of reef fish spawning aggregations in the Coral Triangle

In the Coral Triangle community-based marine protected areas (MPAs) are being established at a prolific rate. Their establishment can benefit both fisheries and biodiversity, and they provide both a socially and economically acceptable means of managing coral reefs in developing nations. However, because such MPAs are typically small (usually <0.5 km²), they will rarely provide protection to large mobile fishes. An exception to this limitation may exist when community-based MPAs are established to protect small sites where vital processes occur, such as fish spawning aggregations (FSAs). To test the effectiveness of small (0.1–0.2 km²) MPAs for protecting FSAs, we monitored three FSA sites where brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), camouflage grouper (Epinephelus polyphekadion) and squaretail coralgrouper (Plectropomus areolatus) aggregate to spawn. Sites were monitored during peak reproductive periods (several days prior to each new moon) between January 2005 and November 2009. All three sites are located in New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, and had been exploited for decades, but in 2004 two sites were protected by the establishment of community-based MPAs. The third site continued to be exploited. Over the monitoring period densities of E. fuscoguttatus and E. polyphekadion increased at both MPAs, but not at the site that remained open to fishing. At one MPA the densities of E. polyphekadion increased tenfold. Our findings demonstrate that community-based MPAs that are appropriately designed and adequately enforced can lead to the recovery of populations of vulnerable species that aggregate to spawn.     

张宣葡萄产区土壤硒含量与葡萄品质关系研究

调查分析了张宣地区葡萄园产区土壤硒分布状况,并与葡萄品质进行了相关分析,结果表明:张宣葡萄产区表层土壤硒含量低于中国表层土壤硒含量,在怀涿葡萄产区总面积占67.74%的土壤属于缺硒土壤,24.73%产区土壤为少硒土壤,足硒土壤面积较少;宣化葡萄产区面积达81.82%产区土壤为足硒土壤;土壤硒含量与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤pH呈极显著负相关,偏相关分析显示该产区土壤有机质与土壤硒含量的关系更密切;土壤硒含量与葡萄果实Vc有负相关关系,与果实中pH、单粒重呈正相关关系,分析表明土壤硒与酿酒葡萄品质关系密切;土层深度在土壤硒含量与葡萄品质的关系中影响不大。     

Rural America and Global Restructuring Information and Rural Change

ABSTRACT

Rural America has disadvantages of distance, scale, and weak linkages, which are further exacerbated by global economic restructuring. These disadvantages are manifest in the increasing urban rural differentiation, including higher rates of poverty and increasing cultural clashes. The nature of work in rural areas, as it is both experienced and perceived, shape the possibilities of rural areas to generate and control change. Both information and new institutions to provide the education to utilize it are needed. Delivery of information and education must take into account the great diversity of rural America and the growing inequality within it.     

乌兰布和沙区绿洲农田土壤微生物及酶活性研究

以撂荒地为对照,通过测定0-20cm和20-40cm层次土样,利用统计分析方法系统研究乌兰布和沙区籽瓜、玉米、油葵和苜蓿地4种绿洲农田土壤微生物（细菌、放线菌和真菌）和土壤酶活性（蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和多酚氧化酶）特征。结果表明：（1）各农田微生物数量均为细菌（107）〉放线菌（105）〉真菌（103）,三者中,细菌数量占三大类微生物总数的99%以上;各农田表层微生物数量整体高于对照的,且表层均高于下层,但差异不显著;农田间,籽瓜地微生物数量最多;种植苜蓿可显著提升真菌数量。（2）6种酶活性中,仅蔗糖酶和脲酶在层次间和农田间存在显著差异;各农地表层蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蛋白酶活性均高于对照的;除多酚氧化酶外,苜蓿地酶活性整体较高。（3）各生物学性质相互关联,互相影响。6种酶间呈显著或极显著相关,酶活性既显专性又显共性;蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶、真菌和放线菌直接影响有机质含量的程度达85%;总体而言,乌兰布和沙区绿洲体系形成后,长期农作活动使得绿洲农田生物学性质得以改善,土壤质量整体有所提高;设法提高研究区土壤有机质含量是提高绿洲农田土壤质量和改善其生态环境的关键所在,应广种苜蓿。     

Managing natural disturbance in protected areas: Tourists’ attitude towards the bark beetle in a German national park

Tourists represent important stakeholders in the management of natural disturbance in protected areas. This study examines tourists’ attitude towards large-scale bark beetle infestation in the case of Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany. Three alternative conceptual models for predicting attitude are specified and compared using structural equation modelling (SEM) and a post-hoc modified model is derived. We find that tourists overall have a neutral attitude towards the bark beetle and are slightly against controlling the insect in the park. Tourists with higher affinity for the national park, better knowledge about the bark beetle and who expect a recovery of the affected areas have a significantly more positive attitude. Our results support a policy of selective non-intervention in the case of natural disturbance. This should be combined with educational measures aimed at raising awareness of the ecological mandate of protected areas and increasing tourists’ knowledge of the specific disturbance.     

Woody species diversity in temperate Andean forests: The need for new conservation strategies

Chile has more than half of the temperate forests in the southern hemisphere. These have been included among the most threatened eco-regions in the world, because of the high degree of endemism and presence of monotypic genera. In this study, we develop empirical models to investigate present and future spatial patterns of woody species richness in temperate forests in south-central Chile. Our aims are both to increase understanding of species richness patterns in such forests and to develop recommendations for forest conservation strategies. Our data were obtained at multiple spatial scales, including field sampling, climate, elevation and topography data, and land-cover and spectrally derived variables from satellite sensor imagery. Climatic and land-cover variables most effectively accounted for tree species richness variability, while only weak relationships were found between explanatory variables and shrub species richness. The best models were used to obtain prediction maps of tree species richness for 2050, using data from the Hadley Centre’s HadCM3 model. Current protected areas are located far from the areas of highest tree conservation value and our models suggest this trend will continue. We therefore suggest that current conservation strategies are insufficient, a trend likely to be repeated across many other areas. We propose the current network of protected areas should be increased, prioritizing sites of both current and future importance to increase the effectiveness of the national protected areas system. In this way, target sites for conservation can also be chosen to bring other benefits, such as improved water supply to populated areas.     

近红外光谱法快速鉴定干海参产地

该文采用近红外漫反射光谱法,对来自4个不同产地的96个干刺参样品,进行了产地鉴别分析。研究表明：在5 000～4 000 cm-1 波段,干海参样品具有丰富的光谱结构,且反映出了由于海参生长环境不同带来的差异性;对该波段的一次微分光谱数据进行主成分聚类（PCCA）计算,可成功实现对其产地的鉴定分析。该研究为动物性海洋食品的产地快速鉴别分析提供了新方法。