Marine-Derived Chitosan Nanoparticles Improved the Intestinal Histo-Morphometrical Features in Association with the Health and Immune Response of Grey Mullet (Liza ramada)

Marine-derived substances are known for their beneficial influences on aquatic animals’ performances and are recommended to improve intestinal health, immunity, and anti-oxidative status. The present study investigates the role of chitosan nanoparticles on the intestinal histo-morphometrical features in association with the health and immune response of Grey Mullet (Liza ramada). Chitosan nanoparticles are included in the diets at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg and introduced to fish in a successive feeding trial for eight weeks. The final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) parameters are significantly increased while feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreases by chitosan nanoparticles compared to the control (p < 0.05). The morphometric analysis of the intestines reveals a significant improvement in villus height, villus width, and the number of goblet cells in chitosan-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between the thickness of the enterocyte brush border and the chitosan dose, referring to an increasing absorptive activity. Histologically, the intestinal wall of Grey Mullet consists of four layers; mucosa, sub-mucosa, tunica muscularis (muscular layers), and serosa. The histological examination of the L. ramada intestine shows a normal histo-morphology. The epithelial layer of intestinal mucosa is thrown into elongated finger-like projections, the intestinal villi. The values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells (RBCs), total protein (TP), albumin, and globulin are significantly increased in fish fed 1, and 2 g/kg of chitosan nanoparticles compared to fish fed 0 and 0.5 g/kg (p < 0.05). The highest levels of TP and albumin are observed in fish fed 1 g/kg diet (p < 0.05). The lysozyme activity and phagocytic index are significantly enhanced by feeding chitosan nanoparticles at 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg, whereas the phagocytic activity is improved in fish fed 1 and 2 g/kg (p < 0.05). The highest lysozyme activity and phagocytic index are observed in fish fed 1 g/kg. SOD is significantly activated by feeding chitosan nanoparticles at 1 g/kg. Simultaneously, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities also are enhanced by feeding chitosan at 1 and 2 g/kg, compared to fish fed 0 and 0.5 g/kg (p < 0.05). The highest GPx and CAT activities are observed in fish fed 1 g/kg (p < 0.05). Conversely, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels are decreased by feeding chitosan at 1 and 2 g/kg, with the lowest being in fish fed 1 g/kg (p < 0.05). To summarize, the results elucidate that L. ramada fed dietary chitosan nanoparticles have a marked growth rate, immune response, and anti-oxidative response. These improvements are attributed to the potential role of chitosan nanoparticles in enhancing intestinal histo-morphometry and intestinal health. These results soundly support the possibility of using chitosan nanoparticles at 1–2 g/kg as a feasible functional supplement for aquatic animals.     

茶让生活更美好

茶作为中华民族的举国之饮,是中华传统文化的集中体现,也是彰显健康生活的民生产业。如今,中国茶在新时代的脉络中展现了蓬勃的生机与活力,迎来了发展的黄金时代。本文从茶产业、茶文化、茶科技和茶健康等角度全方位论述了中国茶的影响、地位、贡献和前景,解读茶让人民生活更美好的时代愿景。     

雪莲果保健冰淇淋的生产工艺研究

通过单因素试验和正交试验,得到雪莲果保健冰淇淋的最优配方为:雪莲果浆 20%、白砂糖 10%、脱脂乳粉 5%、稀奶油 10%、鲜牛乳 45%、蛋黄粉 1%、复合稳定剂 0.5%、水 8.5%。感官评价结果显示,雪莲果冰淇淋组织细腻,具有雪莲果独特风味;营养成分分析结果显示,雪莲果冰淇淋糖(12.38%±0.06%)和脂肪(6.58%±0.22%)的含量较低,而总固形物(39.05%±0.05%)、粗蛋白(15.20%±0.18%)含量较高。此外,雪莲果浆的添加,使冰淇淋中粗纤维(0.06%±0.01%)和Vc(6.54%±0.08%)等功能性成分含量增加,提升了冰淇淋的风味特色和保健功效。雪莲果冰淇淋是一款低糖、低脂、高蛋白、高营养的保健冰淇淋,具有开发价值。     

基于体外模拟法评价蔬菜中Cd的健康风险与污染土壤修复效果

为探明北方地区常见蔬菜中Cd的健康风险,以北京地区Cd污染的大棚菜地土壤为对象,利用盆栽实验测定了韭菜和小油菜对Cd的吸收、转运特征及2种修复剂（沸石+蚯蚓粪,凹凸棒+蚯蚓粪）对Cd污染土壤的修复效果,基于体外模拟法和人体健康风险评价方法对污染土壤修复前、后的2种蔬菜中Cd的有效性及人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明,污染土壤上的2种蔬菜中Cd含量均超过《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》,但2种蔬菜对Cd的吸收具有显著差异,小油菜中Cd的含量为韭菜的2.04倍;体外模拟法测定结果表明,韭菜和小油菜中Cd在模拟人体胃液中的有效浓度分别为0.027、0.039 mg·kg^-1,韭菜中的Cd对人体具有更高的生物有效性;基于人体健康风险评价方法对2种蔬菜中Cd进行健康风险评价,结果表明,污染土壤上种植的2种蔬菜中Cd对人体具有较高的致癌风险,其中,对0~6岁儿童的致癌风险大于成人（>18岁）的风险;添加修复剂可使韭菜和小油菜中Cd含量最大分别降低65.2%和72.3%;2种修复剂处理的韭菜与小油菜中Cd的生物有效性和致癌风险值显著下降,其中凹凸棒+蚯蚓粪处理土壤的2种蔬菜中Cd的致癌风险值接近安全水平。     

升金湖湿地生态系统健康评价与越冬候鸟的响应

湿地生态环境及越冬水禽是升金湖自然保护区主要保护对象,其生态系统健康评价对生态系统修复及越冬水禽数量的恢复具有重要意义。利用ERDAS软件将1986、1990、1995、2000、2004、2008、2011及2015年共计8个年份冬季的TM影像数据解译划分为8种景观类型,用FRAGSTATS软件计算出各个年份的景观指标。根据升金湖湿地压力、状态、响应3方面选取10个指标,构建了升金湖湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,利用逻辑斯蒂增长曲线模式(Logisticgrowthmodel)对这些单项指标进行评价,然后运用层次分析(AHP)的方法确定各个单项因子在指标体系中的权重,最后对1986到2015年升金湖湿地生态系统运用综合评价模型进行综合的评价分析。2015年升金湖生态系统健康综合评价值为0.430,属于亚健康的状态,应及时加强升金湖湿地生态保护措施。通过1995年与2015年对比得知人口密度增长10%以上,人类干扰指数增长了6.685,人类的干扰压力是导致湿地功能下降的主要因素;从状态分析与响应分析可以看出升金湖湿地修复功能处于不稳定的状态。通过越冬候鸟数量与湿地生态系统健康的关系可以看出越冬侯鸟数量的变化是随着湿地的生态系统健康评价状况变化而变化。     

制约自然保护区生态旅游健康度的根本问题与对策

在全球努力解决环境问题与我国生态文明建设的背景下,中国自然保护区生态旅游的实践出现了偏差与不足,引起了广泛的质疑和批评。生态旅游的本质并没有错误,问题的根源在于很多因素影响了生态旅游在自然保护区的健康发展。以问卷调查为基础,通过集对分析和层次分析两种方法对制约辽宁省白石砬子、海棠山和医巫闾山3个自然保护区生态旅游健康发展的根本问题进行研究。结果认为,我国自然保护区生态旅游健康度的根本制约因素主要为条块分割的管理体制,缺乏激励的发展机制,保护区管理部门不注重社会及环境效益的发挥,较短的发展时间和缺乏经验,本位主义。建议从正确认识和尽量满足利益相关者的合理诉求,建立科学的机制,将自然保护区生态旅游的经营权与监督权、管理权相分离等方面采取措施。     

案例式教学在《兽医公共卫生学》课程中的探索与实践

《兽医公共卫生学》是动物医学专业的核心课程之一。为了提高教学质量,提升学生的学习兴趣,适应新型兽医人才培养要求。以《兽医公共卫生学》课程为例,对云南农业大学2届学生进行案例教学的实践与探索。结果表明,案例教学能显著地提高期末卷面成绩,学生对案例教学满意度较高,案例式教学能激发学生学习兴趣、增强学生现场认知感,提高学生综合能力,有利于提升《兽医公共卫生学》教学效果,为课程案例库建设提供依据。     

学校供餐计划与人力资本积累的研究进展

为探究学校供餐计划对人力资本积累的影响,采用文献综述方法,系统回顾和梳理学校供餐计划的国际研究进展,阐明学校供餐计划的概念和理论基础,重点分析其对人力资本积累的短期影响、长期效果以及溢出效应。在此基础上,探究学校供餐计划的方案设计和国际经验,进一步分析现阶段中国农村义务教育学生营养改善计划取得的成效和可能的不足,并提出相应完善建议。结果表明：学校供餐计划对人力资本积累具有重要影响,中国需要进一步构建项目监督和激励机制,结合其他益贫政策,发挥营养健康教育的协同作用,进而提高人力资本和促进乡村振兴。本研究的梳理总结有助于加深对学校供餐计划的认识,同时为我国有效实施营养干预项目,促进儿童人力资本积累和减少贫困代际转移提供借鉴和思考。     

Use of treated mine water for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture: a production scale assessment

In previous proof-of-concept work, it was shown that the use of treated coal mine water for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture in a cage was technically feasible, though only a 50-fish bioassay was grown and no work on production-related issues was conducted. To further advance the use of treated mine water, an under-utilized water resource throughout Mid Appalachia, work was conducted to assess the effects of using treated coal mine water for the intensive production of rainbow trout in a flow-through system. During this study, comprehensive water quality data were collected to supplement fish weight and length data taken during routine monthly sampling events. The 8000 fish grew well in the raceway system over the 9 months of production, where a feed conversion ratio of 1.4 and a condition factor of 5.1 × 10⁻⁴ were measured with stocking and harvest densities of 26.4 and 50.2 kg/m³, respectively. Further, total net production was 3275 kg (7220 lb) with 98.6% survival. Throughout the study, dissolved ion concentrations (Fe, Al, Mg, Ca, and SO₄) often exceeded recommended tolerance limits. Further, elevated ammonia nitrogen concentrations generated from a component of the mine water-treatment process were identified as a potential limiting factor for aquaculture development. However, when the non-ideal effects of high ionic strength and the speciation of dissolved metal–ligand complexes were taken into account, the concentrations of free metal ions were within recommended tolerance limits.     

Clostridium butyricum as probiotic for promoting growth performance,feed utilization,gut health and microbiota community of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus)

The feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potentials of Clostridium butyricum in the diet of tilapia. Fish (~14 g) were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0 (Control), 0.5 (C‐1), 1 (C‐2), 2 (C‐3), 4 (C‐4) and 8 (C‐5) g/kg commercial probiotic‐containing C. butyricum (1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/g) for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain significantly increased, and feed conversion ratio decreased in the C‐2, C‐3 and C‐4 groups (p < .05). The protein retention (except C‐1 group), lipid retention and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter in probiotic supplementation groups were significantly enhanced, and ADC of protein in the C‐4 group was also improved (p < .05). The supplementation of probiotic significantly increased villus height in anterior intestines and reduced the numbers of intestinal Escherichia coli (p < .05). High‐throughput sequencing showed that top three phyla namely Planctomycetes in all probiotic‐containing groups, Proteobacteria in the C‐1 and C‐2 groups and Chloroflexi in the C‐3 group had higher level than the NC group. The cumulative mortality was reduced by dietary probiotic after challenging with Aeromonas hydrophila (p < .05). In conclusion, C. butyricum can be supplemented at 1–2 g/kg feed for promoting the growth, feed utilization, gut health and microbiota of tilapia.