Natural hybridization between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its wild relatives Aegilops geniculata Roth and Aegilops triuncialis L.

BACKGROUND

Cultivated bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spontaneously hybridizes with wild/weedy related Aegilops populations, but little is known about the actual rates at which this hybridization occurs under field conditions. It is very important to provide reliable empirical data on this phenomenon in order to assess the potential crop–wild introgression, especially in the context of conducting risk assessments for the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) wheat, as gene flow from wheat to Aegilops species could transfer into the wild species genes coding for traits such as resistance to herbicides, insects, diseases or environmental stresses.

RESULTS

The spontaneous hybridization rates between wheat and A. geniculata and A. triuncialis, which are very abundant in the Mediterranean area, have been estimated for the first time in the northern part of the Meseta Central, the great central plateau which includes the largest area of wheat cultivation in Spain. Hybridization rates averaged 0.12% and 0.008% for A. geniculata and A. triuncialis, respectively. Hybrids were found in 26% of A. geniculata and 5% of A. triuncialis populations, at rates that can be ≤3.6% for A. geniculata and 0.24% for A. triuncialis.

CONCLUSION

The detection of Aegilops spp.–wheat hybrids in Aegilops populations indicates that gene flow can occur, although wheat is considered a crop with a low-to-medium risk for transgene escape. These data on field hybridization rates are essential for GM wheat risk assessment purposes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

紫菜种内原生质体的融合和融合体再生

利用酶解法分离出野生型叶状体和红色突变体的坛紫菜原生质体以及条斑紫菜野生型叶状体的原生质体，再用聚乙二醇（PEG）法进行种内原生质体融合，当加入原生质体液内的PEG被稀释除去百，原生质体发生融合并形成许多杂合体，种内原生质体融合率坛紫菜为9.7%-12.4%，条斑紫菜为10%-11.5%。PEG分子量在1540-6000之间，随着分子量的提高，原生质体融合率增高，原生质体融合体被挑出来进行单个培养，经过30天培养坛紫菜的一个杂合体（含一个红色原生质体和一个进驻生型原生质体）再生成一个呈红色和野生色的相嵌叶状体，鸸 个含两个红色原生质体的融合体再生成一个在基部和头部均长假根的叶状体，但来自这个再生体的原生质体只长成具有一个假根的叶状体，从原生质体融保体的再生体以及它们无性繁殖体的结果来看，坛紫菜的种内原生质体融合体可能只发生了细胞质融合，而真正的核融合并没有发生，培养15-20天，条斑紫菜的原生质体融合体先再生成细胞团，然后由细胞团释放出许胞子并萌发成正常野生型叶状体。     

枯草芽胞杆菌TR21叶腋喷施诱导的感病香蕉品种根系酚类物质与木质素含量变化

利用枯草芽胞杆菌TR21喷施叶腋可以提高香蕉根系对枯萎病的抗性,为探索TR21诱导的抗性与酚类物质和木质素累积的关系,以香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种FOC009菌株处理的根系为阳性对照,以清水为阴性对照,比较不同处理的广粉1号(Musa spp.ABB cv.Guangfen No.1)和巴西蕉(Musa spp.AAA cv.Brazil)根系可溶性酚酸、细胞壁结合酚酸和木质素累积和差异.结果显示:处理后0、12、24、36、48、60、72 h,不同处理根系可溶性酚酸、细胞壁结合酚酸和木质素含量随时间延长逐渐增加,从处理后48 h开始,病原菌处理和生防菌处理的可溶性酚酸、细胞壁结合酚酸和木质素含量显著高于清水对照;接种72 h时,除广粉根系可溶性酚酸外,病原菌处理的可溶性酚酸、细胞壁结合酚酸和木质素含量显著高于TR21处理.结果表明TR21叶腋接种能够诱导感病品种香蕉根系酚类物质和木质素累积,与病原菌接种诱导的抗性反应表现类似,但低于病原菌诱导的水平.     

土壤中南方根结线虫的实时荧光PCR检测和定量

为了准确测定土壤中南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的群体密度,根据序列特异性扩增区标记设计了南方根结线虫特异性引物和TaqMan探针,分别建立了卵和2龄幼虫的实时荧光PCR定量检测体系,并将该检测体系与显微镜计数法进行了比较.结果表明,引物Mi-F/R及探针Mi-probe对南方根结线虫具有高度特异性,建立的标准曲线循环阈值与卵和2龄幼虫数量的对数值之间具有良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9771和0.9853,扩增效率均为90％,检测灵敏度为10-1个卵及10-3条2龄幼虫;对10个田间土壤样本的检测显示,实时荧光PCR定量检测与显微镜计数法测定的南方根结线虫卵和2龄幼虫数量呈显著正相关,且两种方法对2龄幼虫的测定结果无显著差异.     

从枝菌根真菌对黄瓜南方根结线虫病害防治效应

在温室盆栽条件下,研究了丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae、Glomus intraradices及混合菌剂对黄瓜苗期与移栽后南方根结线虫病害的防治效应.结果表明:苗期接种AM真菌处理的侵染率低时,其抑制根结线虫侵染的能力也低;移栽缓苗后接种根结线虫后,接种AM真菌处理的黄瓜地上部干重、地下部干重、株高、植株养分吸收量均显著高于只接种南方根结线虫处理,根结指数显著低于只接种南方根结线虫处理.说明AM真菌确实能够通过与黄瓜根系建立共生体来防御南方根结线虫对黄瓜的危害,其中G.intraradices、G.mosseae菌种的促生及防治黄瓜南方根结线虫病害的作用显著.     

不同来源绿僵菌对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力比较

油桐鹰尺蠖Biston suppressaria (Guenée) 是一种杂食性食叶害虫,近年来在速生桉树林分中大 面积发生,造成较大的损失。文中研究了不同来源金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae 菌株生长与产孢 特性及对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力,旨在筛选出高效防治该虫的生物资源。试验结果表明：不同来源的 绿僵菌菌株间菌落生长速度和产孢量差异显著,MaZPTR-01 菌株15 d 的菌落直径为6.5 cm,显著较其它 菌株大;MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株培养15 d 产孢量最高,分别为1.33×108 孢子· cm-2 和1.28×108 孢 子· cm-2。致病力测定结果表明：不同菌株对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力存在显著差异,其中接种MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株的幼虫校正死亡率、僵虫率均较其它菌株高,接种后15 d 幼虫校正死亡率分别达到 94.5%、92.7%,僵虫率分别为75%、61.7%;这2 个菌株的致死中时（LT50）显著比其它菌株短,分别为 4.34 和4.52 d。绿僵菌MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力强,且具有良好的生产性 状,可作为该虫的生物防治资源进一步开发应用。     

Detection of Helicobacter spp. in gastric, fecal and saliva samples from swine affected by gastric ulceration

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Helicobacter (H.) spp. in swine affected by gastric ulceration. Stomachs from 400 regularly slaughtered swine were subjected to gross pathological examination to evaluate the presence of gastric ulcers. Sixty-five samples collected from ulcerated pars esophagea and 15 samples from non-ulcerated pyloric portions were submitted to histopathological and molecular analyses, to detect Helicobacter spp., H. suis and H. pylori by PCR. Feces and saliva swabs were also collected from 25 animals in order to detect in vivo the presence of Helicobacter spp.. Gastric ulcers were detected in 373 cases (93%). The presence of ulcers in association with inflammatory processes was further confirmed by histological examination. Forty-nine percent (32/65) of the ulcerated esophageal portions as well as 53% (8/15) of the non-ulcerated pyloric portions were positive for Helicobacter spp. by PCR. The Helicobacter spp. positive samples were also positive for H. suis, while H. pylori was not detected. These results were confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis. With regard to feces and saliva samples, 15/25 (60%) and 16/25 (64%) were positive for Helicobacter spp. PCR, respectively but all were negative in H. suis and H. pylori specific PCR.     

Effect of genome composition and cytoplasm on petal colour in resynthesized amphidiploids and sesquidiploids derived from crosses between Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea

The effect of genome composition and cytoplasm on petal colour was studied in Brassica. Three accessions of yellow‐petalled B. rapa (2n= 20, AA) were crossed with a white‐petalled B. oleracea var. alboglabra (2n= 18, CC) and with three cream‐yellow‐petalled B. oleracea var. gongylodes (2n= 18, CC) to produce resynthesized B. napus (2n= 38, AACC or CCAA) and sesquidiploids (2n= 29, AAC or CAA). Petal colour was measured with a Hunter automatic colour difference meter. The results revealed that petal colour in Brassica is controlled by nuclear genes and by cytoplasmic factors. Additive and epistatic gene effects were involved in the action of nuclear genes. When crosses were made between yellow‐petalled B. rapa and white‐petalled B. oleracea var. alboglabra, significant additive, epistatic and cytoplasmic effects were found. White petal colour was partially epistatic over yellow petal colour. When crosses were made between yellow‐petalled B. rapa and cream‐yellow‐petalled B. oleracea var. gongylodes, only epistatic effects were detected. Yellow petal colour was epistatic over cream‐yellow.     

Suppression of wheat-seedling diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Microdochium nivale using bacterial seed treatment

Snow mould, caused by Microdochium nivale , and seedling blight caused by members of the Fusarium complex, are cereal diseases of great economic importance in many temperate zones. In a glasshouse bioassay designed to enhance disease, about 600 plant-associated bacterial isolates obtained by different methods were screened for suppressive effects in wheat against infection caused by Fusarium culmorum . Although most of the isolates tested had a neutral effect on test plants and disease development, a few were synergistic to the pathogen and about one-fifth showed > 80% disease suppression. During five consecutive growing seasons, 164 bacterial isolates were tested in field experiments against both F. culmorum and M. nivale as causal agents of seedling blight. Tests for effects on yield in experiments with spring and winter wheat, performed in different climatic regions of Sweden, showed that disease-suppressive effects were repeatable. The most efficient isolates, three fluorescent pseudomonads and a species of Pantoea , suppressed disease equal to that of the fungicide guazatine, both with respect to crop stand and yield. Seed treatment with Pantoea sp. (isolate MF 626) increased yield by an average of more than 500 kg ha⁻¹ in six field experiments.