不同收获期对全株玉米青贮营养价值、发酵品质和瘤胃降解率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同收获期对全株玉米青贮营养价值、发酵品质和瘤胃降解率的影响。试验抽样采集山东省44个区县130个养殖场130份全株玉米青贮饲料样品,按照收获时玉米籽粒的乳线位置,共分为1/2乳线、2/3乳线和3/4乳线3个时期,样品数量分别为40、60和30份,测定其营养价值、发酵品质和瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)随着收获期的延迟,全株玉米青贮的干物质(DM)含量显著增加(P<0.05),粗灰分(Ash)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。1/2乳线期全株玉米青贮的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量显著高于2/3乳线期和3/4乳线期(P<0.05)。2)随着收获期的延迟,全株玉米青贮的淀粉(CB1)含量显著增加(P<0.05)。1/2乳线期全株玉米青贮的总碳水化合物(CHO)、可溶性糖(CA)含量显著低于3/4乳线期(P<0.05),1/2乳线期全株玉米青贮的不可利用纤维(CC)和可利用中性洗涤纤维(CB3)含量显著高于2/3乳线期和3/4乳线期(P<0.05)。3)随着收获期的延迟,全株玉米青贮的发酵系数和费氏评分显著增加(P<0.05)。1/2乳线期和2/3乳线期全株玉米青贮的乳酸含量显著高于3/4乳线期(P<0.05),1/2乳线期全株玉米青贮的的丙酸含量显著高于2/3乳线期和3/4乳线期(P<0.05)。4)随着收获期的延迟,全株玉米青贮的总可消化养分含量及消化能、代谢能均显著增加(P<0.05)。1/2乳线期全株玉米青贮的维持净能、增重净能和泌乳净能显著低于2/3乳线期和3/4乳线期(P<0.05)。5)1/2乳线期和2/3乳线期全株玉米青贮的24和48h的干物质降解率显著低于3/4乳线期(P<0.05)。综上所述,收获期为3/4乳线期时,全株玉米青贮的营养价值和发酵品质最优。     

Assessment of stakeholder perceptions of the damage to silo bags by vertebrate species in Argentina

We conducted an on-line questionnaire to assess stakeholder perceptions about damage to silo bags by vertebrate species in Argentina. We received 190 responses reporting damage to silo bags by vertebrates from the Pampas, Espinal, and Chaco regions. More than two-thirds of respondents indicated armadillos were the main harmful species, followed by rodents and dogs. Frequency of damage to silo bags was higher for armadillos (79%) than for the other species together (64%), and was higher in the Pampas (79%) than in the other regions (45–66%), suggesting a latitudinal gradient of damage. Economic losses were reported as “medium” or “high” by 37% of respondents. According to these stakeholders, damage to silo bags by vertebrates is a regionally extended phenomenon in most of the Argentine agricultural region and it is recognized as economically relevant by these stakeholders. Management of this conflict should focus on environmental aspects.     

不同机械干清粪频次对生长猪舍内环境和粪污排放的影响

本试验以刮板式机械干清粪系统为对象,研究不同清粪频次对生长猪舍内环境和粪污排放的影响。选取216头90日龄、体重39 kg左右的三元杂交生长猪,随机分配在12个猪栏中,根据猪的排泄特征设置2种清粪频次作为试验处理(2次/d、3次/d),试验期间每个处理重复7次。结果表明:与日清粪3次相比,日清粪2次猪呼吸高度处与人呼吸高度处的舍内氨气(NH_3)浓度都有所降低(P>0.05),猪呼吸高度处的舍内CO_2浓度降低8.78%(P<0.01),均能满足猪舍空气质量要求;单位体重粪便收集量提高32.3%(P<0.05),单位体重污水收集量降低3.39%(P>0.05);与日清粪3次相比,日清粪2次污水中各污染物浓度除TN外均有所降低(P>0.05)。结果表明生长猪舍运用机械干清粪系统清粪时采用2次/d的清粪频次可以满足猪舍空气质量要求和污水处理难度。     

早熟机采棉新品种筛选及机采性状研究

筛选鉴定早熟机采棉(Gossypium spp)新的品系、品种,以确保机采棉花品质、产量稳定提高。通过对早熟机采棉新品种农艺性状的研究,掌握机采棉性状的关键技术参数,为棉花产业发展奠定基础。2019和2020年在新疆石河子农业科学研究院进行品种试验,对12个品种机采性状进行研究。结果显示,12个参试品种全生育期在123～133 d,有5个品种比对照(陆新早61)生育期短。吐絮期整齐度在2～3级;第一果铃高度≥18.0 cm的有10个品种。各品种机采性状综合分析可知,石大棉268表现最佳,生育期为123 d,第一果铃高度20.4 cm,衣分率43.2%,纤维长度33.5 mm,断裂比强度32.9 N/tex,纺纱均匀指数182,皮棉增产20.9%;其次是金早1号,生育期为126 d,第一果铃高度20.7 cm,衣分率41.82%,纤维长度32.9 mm,断裂比强度31.9 N/tex,纺纱均匀指数180,皮棉增产8.9%;第三名是金垦1861,生育期为126 d,第一果铃高度21.3 cm,衣分率38.9%,纤维长度33.3 mm,断裂比强度30.9 N/tex,纺纱均匀指数179,皮棉...     

我国球根花卉种球采后处理技术研究进展

对我国球根花卉种球采后处理技术,主要包括:采前控水、适时采收、晾晒、清洗消毒、分级、低温冷藏、定植前药剂处理等进行了综述.     

Randomized control trial to test the effect of a feed additive on Campylobacter contamination in commercial broiler flocks up to slaughter

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried to evaluate the effect of a feed additive on Campylobacter contamination of broilers reared in commercial conditions. Twenty‐four broiler flocks naturally contaminated with Campylobacter were enrolled in the RCT: 12 were assigned to a control group (C) fed with a conventional finishing feed from 4 weeks of age to slaughter (around 35 days), and the other group of 12 flocks (S) was fed with a finishing feed supplemented with 250 ppm of a patented feed additive (an ion‐exchanged clay compound) previously proven to reduce Campylobacter contamination in broiler caeca under experimental conditions. Enumeration of Campylobacter colonies in caeca (8 per flock) was carried out following ISO standards before feed distribution and at slaughter. Before treatment, the caecal Campylobacter load tended to be lower in C flocks (7.1 ± 1.9 log CFU/g, CI_95% [6.6–7.5]) than in S flocks (7.7 ± 1.0 log UFC/g, CI_95% [7.5–7.9]) (p = .05). At slaughter, the bacterial load was similar in the S (7.7 ± 1.0 log CFU/g, CI_95% [7.5–7.9]) and C groups (7.5 ± 1.2 log CFU/g, CI_95% [7.2–7.8]) (p = .73). Therefore, the feed additive had no significant effect on the caecal Campylobacter load at slaughter under the tested conditions. The logistical constraints inherent in field trials and the natural variability of Campylobacter contamination in naturally infected broiler flocks make it difficult to reproduce experimental results in in situ farm conditions. RCT testing of an intervention strategy in commercial situation is therefore a key step in evaluating pre‐harvest interventions against food‐borne pathogens.     

Study on the mechanism of microwave modified wheat protein fiber to improve its mechanical properties

Wheat protein is widely used in food industry. In order to expand the scope of its application on non-food field, we managed to apply the wheat protein to fiber production. To improve the mechanical properties of the fibers, we used the method of microwave modification. The best process conditions obtained by response surface analysis were a microwave power of 20.6 W/mL, microwave time of 3 min, and pH 8. Compared to non-microwaved fibers, the breaking strength was 19% higher and the elongation was 302.43% higher which indicated the microwaved fiber toughness was increased. To study the mechanism underlying the effect of microwave treatment on the improvement of mechanical properties, changes in the SH and SS content during wheat protein fiber preparation, a secondary structure study, X-ray diffraction, thermal performance analysis, SEM, surface hydrophobicity, and standard moisture regain measurement were examined. The microwaved fiber had increased SS content, α-helices, crystallinity, which may be responsible for the better mechanical properties. DSC and TG results showed that the thermal stability of microwaved fiber was increased. Additionally, SEM micrographs revealed that the structure of microwaved fibers was smoother and denser, and contained less pores than non-microwaved fibers. Although the surface hydrophobicity and standard moisture regain were decreased, microwaved fiber had good hygroscopicity, which was close to that of silk.     

Biomass allocation and nodulation of Gliricidia sepium under two cut-and-carry forage production regimes

The effects of two pruning regimes on the above-ground biomass allocation and nodulation of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. (Leguminosae: Robinieae) were studied in a cut-and-carry forage production system under humid tropical conditions in Guadeloupe, French Antilles. The grass layer composed of a mixture dominated by Paspalum notatum Flügge (80%) and Digitaria decumbens Stent. The pruning regimes were partial pruning (ca. 50%) every two months and complete pruning every six months. The complete pruning caused an almost complete turnover of N2 fixing nodules. The nodule biomass decreased after the partial pruning, but the turnover was not complete. The nodule to foliage biomass ratio followed the same pattern under both treatments, and the values of the ratio converged towards the end of the experimental period. The maxima of standing nodule biomass were 7.2 and 13.0 kg ha−1 in the partially and completely pruned trees, respectively. The cumulative leaf fodder harvest was higher under partial pruning management, due to smaller litter loss. The branch biomass production was higher under complete pruning management. Grass production was not affected by the pruning pattern of G. sepium. It was concluded that the partial pruning management produces more fodder in the studied association, and the nodulation probably adjusts to the canopy N requirements. The potential N release to soil in the turnover of nodules of G. sepium (max. 0.82 kg ha−1) is negligible compared to the N export in tree and grass fodder harvest, 190 and 215 kg ha−1 in partially and completely pruned plots, respectively. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

桃综合贮藏保鲜技术研究Ⅰ.采收成熟度及采前处理对贮藏效果的影响

桃的采收成熟度与果实的耐藏性有较密切的关系。在７～８成熟时的绿熟期采收,经贮藏后果面新鲜,果实硬而脆,褐变和腐烂少;采收过晚则果实易软化,容易褐变和腐烂。采前１个月用１００ｍｇ／ｋｇＧＡ３处理有利于提高桃果实的耐藏性,贮藏后处理果的硬度比对照高１倍;采前１～２ｄ用５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ朴海因处理大久保、京玉和燕红桃,贮藏好果率分别增加２２．８％,２２．９％和１８．３％;采前用混合液（ＧＡ３５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,２,４－Ｄ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,多菌灵２０００倍）处理可减慢桃果实在贮藏期间的生理代谢,并能较好地保持品质,腐烂和褐变指数分别比对照降低７．７％和４．０％。     

不同树种构成的重组木力学性能的试验研究与分析

试验测定了落叶松、桦木、杨木等树种构成的重组木板材的主要力学性能。结果表明,在一定的工艺条件下,重组木具有较高的静曲强度、弹性模量和握钉力等,适合于做结构材。根据试验结果,分析了树种、木束几何形状、铺装比等因素对重组木板材力学性能的影响。