竹笋象危害对竹材物理力学性质的影响

对受笋万纹象(Otidognathus rubriceps Chevrolot)、一字竹笋象(O.davidis Fairmaire)、大竹笋象(Cyrtatrachelus longimanus Fabricius)危害后断梢毛竹、竹腔注药防治后毛竹、正常毛竹3种竹材进行竹材抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗拉强度测定结果表明,与正常毛竹相比较,受竹笋象危害断梢毛竹差异显著,3个竹材物理力学性质指标分别下降了43.79%、39.01%、29.28%,竹腔注药防治后毛竹3个指标下降了13.87%、10.95%、9.01%,但差异不显著,不影响竹材的使用价值.     

Design and pilot production of a “spiral-winder” for the manufacture of cylindrical laminated veneer lumber

A new spiral-winder was developed for continuous manufacturing of cylindrical laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and a suitable resin adhesive for this cylindrical LVL manufacturing system was investigated. This phase was followed by trial manufacturing and evaluation of cylindrical LVL with the optimum resin adhesive identified. The results are summarized as follows. (1) The shortest gelation time was recorded with a mixture of two commercial resorcinol based resins (DF-1000 and D-33) at a weight ratio of 2575. (2) Bath temperature had a remarkable effect on the gelation time of the adhesive mix. (3) High bonding strength was recorded by 2575 DF-1000/D-33 adhesive mix at a high press temperature despite a short pressing duration. Based on the results of items (1) to (3), 2575 DF-1000/ D-33 is recommended for use in the new spiral-winder. (4) The mechanical properties of cylindrical LVL could be improved by using 2575 DF-1000/D-33 with wider veneer width and longer pressing time. (5) The mechanical properties, especially the modulus of rupture, of the cylindrical LVL manufactured require further improvement for practical structural application.     

Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin II: effects of processing parameters

To obtain high-strength phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin-impregnated compressed wood at low pressing pressure, the effects of resin content, preheating temperature, pressing temperature, and pressing speed on the compressive deformation of oven-dried low molecular weight PF resin-impregnated wood was investigated. With an increase of PF resin content, the Youngs modulus of the cell wall perpendicular to the fiber direction decreases, and collapse-initiating pressure decreases linearly with the Youngs modulus. This indicates that the occurrence of cell wall collapse is strain-dependent. By increasing preheating temperatures, the collapse-initiating pressure increases due to the increment of the Youngs modulus of the cell wall. An increase in pressing temperature results in the thermal softening of the cell wall and causes collapse at a lower pressure. The wood is compressed effectively despite accelerated resin curing. The pressing speed significantly affects the viscoelastic deformation of the cell wall and the wood is well deformed with decreasing pressing speed, although the differences in density and mechanical properties are relatively small after a pressure-holding period of 30min. In all the parameters examined in this study, the Youngs modulus and bending strength increase with increasing density.     

紫云英联合收获物料分离清选机设计与试验

针对紫云英联合收获物料组分构成复杂及其小差异混杂特性,使其在分离清选作业过程中存在高含杂、多损失等问题,提出“先筛分、再气流清”的作业模式,设计了紫云英联合收获物料分离清选机,并对喂料斗出口处料层厚度调节机构、筛分装置、集杂除尘装置等关键部件进行了设计选型与参数计算。基于DEM-CFD耦合数值模拟方法,确定了物料层调节厚度、筛分装置驱振振幅和吸杂管道风量调节手柄挡位等主要影响因素合理的取值范围,运用Minitab进行正交试验设计,以籽粒清洁率和夹带总损失率为响应值,得到影响紫云英联合收获物料分离清选机作业质量的最优因素参数组合：物料层调节厚度为16.8mm、筛分装置驱振振幅为35mm、吸杂管道风量调节手柄在挡位5,此时,籽粒清洁率均值为98.07%,夹带总损失率均值为2.96%,试验结果满足设计要求。     

Chemical cotton stalk destruction for maintenance of host-free periods for the control of overwintering boll weevil in tropical and subtropical climates

In the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas, cotton regrows and produces fruit from undestroyed stalks throughout the winter, and in spring weevils from such locations become a serious threat. The success of the boll weevil eradication program, which was reintroduced in the LRGV in 2005, will be dependent on thorough stalk destruction following harvest. However, adverse weather conditions and conservation tillage often impede immediate and complete stalk destruction using typical tool implements, and alternative stalk control methods are needed. This study provides an examination of the efficacy for cotton stalk destruction of different herbicides (thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl, dicamba-diolamine, 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, flumioxazin, 2,4-DB-dimethylammonium and carfentrazone-ethyl) and their rates, spray volumes and application timings on shredded or standing cotton stalks after stripper or picker harvest. None of the tested herbicides, except 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, stopped post-harvest cotton regrowth and fruiting. 2,4-D-dimethylammonium sprayed once (0 or 7 days) after cotton was harvested at 1 lb AE acre(-1) (1.12 kg ha(-1)), in a spray volume of 10 gal water acre(-1) (93.5 L ha(-1)) with 5 mL L(-1) surfactant, was highly effective in stalk destruction (72-90%). The best results were achieved when the herbicide was applied immediately after the cotton was shredded, followed by standing stripper-harvested and standing picker-harvested cotton. 2,4-D-dimethylammonium applied twice, 0 and 14 (or 21) days after cotton harvest, was 100% effective in killing stalks, regardless of whether they were shredded or standing, or whether harvest was by stripper or picker. These findings showed that 2,4-D-dimethylammonium cotton stalk destruction eliminated food and reproductive opportunities for managing overwintering boll weevils [Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)].     

极早熟机收玉米新玉110号的产量潜力与机收性能分析

【目的】 分析极早熟复播玉米新品种新玉110号的产量潜力和机收性能,为玉米新品种推广提供科学依据。【方法】 以新疆南疆复播极早熟玉米区域试验玉米新品种新玉110号为材料,对照为新玉10号,采用作物品种区域试验统计系统RCT99分析产量、品质等。【结果】 新玉110号复播区试产量522.27 kg/667m²,比对照新玉10号增产12.13%,生产试验552.67 kg/667m²,比对照增产17.01%;生育期87.9 d,比对照早熟2.9 d;籽粒容重768 g/L,粗蛋白含量9.9%,粗淀粉含量74.92%,粗脂肪含量4.6%;抗倒伏,抗玉米瘤黑粉病、丝黑穗病和粗缩病,成熟是苞叶自然张开,脱水快。【结论】 新玉110号产量高,增产潜力大,属极早熟强优势玉米杂交种,品质优良,适应性广,适宜新疆南疆地区复播和北疆冷凉地区春播种植,所需≥10℃有效积温2 200℃,适合机械粒收。     

播量与秧龄对优质常规水稻黄华占机械育秧秧苗素质的影响

以优质水稻品种黄花占机械育苗为研究对象,探讨在陕西汉中4月20日左右播种育时播量与秧龄对秧苗素质的影响。结果表明：在陕西汉中地区,4月20日左右播种,黄花占机械育秧秧龄在25 d左右,每平方厘米播1.8~2.4粒稻种较为适宜,秧苗素质利于机械插秧,此时,苗高12~14 cm,茎基宽2.4~3.1 mm,成苗率在80%左右。     

鹿茸Ca^2＋含量与塔里木马鹿收茸期的关系研究

为了确定不同年龄段塔里木马鹿鹿茸的最佳收茸时间,保证鹿茸的药用价值,试验选取老、中、青3个年龄段的塔里木马鹿各6头,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法,分别测定不同生茸时期鹿茸中Ca2＋的含量。结果表明：青年组至6月17日鹿茸上段Ca2＋含量增加显著,确定其最佳收茸时间以6月17日为宜;中年、老年组的最佳收茸时期在6月3日左右,三者存在时间差异。     

Effects of mechanical stress in under-sized clams, Tapes philippinarum: a laboratory approach

The present study is a first attempt at evaluating the effects of repeated disturbance, such as that caused by mechanical fishing systems, on the target species, Tapes philippinarum, intensively exploited in the Lagoon of Venice (North-East Italy). In particular, in free-access fishing grounds, detrimental effects of dredging may be suffered by under-sized clams, which are disturbed by fishing tools many times throughout their lives before they are collected. Similar mechanical stress conditions are experienced by T. philippinarum in licensed areas, where they are farmed in aquaculture conditions and undergo the harmful impact of hydraulic dredging. To evaluate the effects of short-term mechanical stress, under-sized clams were subjected to experimental shaking in the laboratory, and detrimental effects on their well-being were investigated by applying the biomarker approach. Changes in physiological, biochemical and behavioural responses were evaluated by determining scope for growth, adenylate energy charge, survival in air time, reburrowing time, and shell damage level. Responses highlighted general worsening in clam condition as mechanical stress increased. Among the various measurements, survival in air and reburrowing time appeared particularly suitable as indices, their responsiveness and applicability suggesting their use in assessing mechanical stress due to dredging in field conditions.     

Analysis of series of variety trials with perennial crops

Field trials with perennial crops give rise to repeated measurements taken on the same plot on several occasions. It is important to account for serial correlation among repeated measurements in such trials. This study illustrates the use of mixed models for this purpose. We consider the analysis of trials conducted at several locations and the combination of trials with different starting years. A key issue in the analysis is the distinction between effects of calendar years, which are associated with external environmental variation, and harvest years, which represent internal yield formation processes of the perennial crop. Two methods of two‐stage analysis are compared with single‐stage analysis. It is shown that results of two‐stage analysis are very similar to those of single‐stage analysis, if serial correlation is properly taken into account. Program code for the MIXED procedure of the SAS system is given in an Appendix S1 for all considered cases.