低风险疾病情境下农村居民健康信息规避行为研究

[目的/意义]本研究旨在揭示低风险疾病情境下农村居民健康信息规避的程度、策略、成因及其关联。[方法/过程]研究采用理论抽样方法和半结构化访谈法收集了江苏省45位农村居民的相关数据。研究采用开放式编码和主轴编码方法对访谈数据进行分析,同时采用社会网络分析软件对规避策略和成因之间的关系进行可视化展示。[结果/结论](1)农村居民在低风险疾病情境下存在全面型和选择型两种不同程度的健康信息规避。其中,全面型健康信息规避主要发生在信息需求阶段,具体的规避策略为完全不治疗;而选择型信息规避发生在信息获取阶段,具体的规避策略为自己治疗或者拖延治疗。(2)该情境下农村居民健康信息规避的成因主要包括感知风险、对信息源的信任、健康信息素养水平、文化水平、情绪、经济水平、小世界、时间和医疗资源的可及性。(3)农民健康信息规避的成因与规避策略存在特定的关联。文化水平和医疗资源的可及性只对完全不治疗规避策略有影响;情绪因素只对拖延治疗规避策略有影响;健康信息素养水平只对自己治疗规避策略有影响。该研究可为改善农村居民的健康状况提供指导建议。     

铅锌矿尾渣土壤中重金属的形态及潜在生态风险

采用优化的BCR连续萃取方案对湖南永州铅锌矿尾渣土壤中Pb,Zn,Cu,Cd进行形态分析,并利用Lars Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对4种重金属的生态危害进行了评价.结果表明:永州铅锌矿尾渣土壤中Pb,Zn,Cu,Cd等4种重金属的含量分别为6 884.1,2 948.31,547.85,105.88 mg/kg,达到严重污染程度,从高到低为:Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn.矿区土壤中的重金属易形成稳定的化合物或牢固存在于粘土矿物晶格中,酸溶解态或其他自由形式的金属含量低,不利于植物修复技术的实施,但可采用化学方法进行修复.     

底栖动物增殖放流生态风险评价

为了评价底栖动物增殖放流过程中存在的生态风险,通过现场调查、已有文献资料分析和专家咨询,建立了以层次分析法为基础的生态风险评价体系。应用该体系对5种增殖放流的底栖动物进行了生态风险评价。研究表明,西施舌、紫海胆、韩国文蛤和泥东风螺为"中"风险等级;波纹巴非蛤为"低"风险等级。本研究可为今后增殖放流过程中的生态风险评价提供参考。     

伊维菌素在水产养殖中的应用及其水生态风险

伊维菌素是一种广谱抗寄生虫渔药,在国外被广泛用于鲑鱼、海鲷养殖中的海鲺防治.国内主要用于防治淡水鱼养殖中的各种寄生虫病,其在观赏鱼养殖中的应用也日益普遍.综述了目前国内外伊维茵素在水产养殖中的使用现状,并就其水生态风险进行评估.     

以嘉陵江为例构建并分析有毒鱼类风险评估体系

摘要：为提高人们对淡水有毒鱼类的认知、增强公众的防范意识、减少不必要的损失,也为有毒鱼类的深入研究奠定基础,本研究初步构建了有毒鱼类风险评估体系,并对嘉陵江已知的18种有毒鱼类展开应用探索。该风险评估体系从有毒鱼类毒性属性、群体属性以及社会属性展开,共包括3个一级指标、8个二级指标和26个三级指标。通过对各有毒鱼类的各指标赋值,其后,根据各指标已确定的权重,从而得出各有毒鱼类的风险评估值,确定其风险等级。结果显示,在嘉陵江已知的18种有毒鱼类中,有4种被界定为高风险有毒鱼类,包括草鱼、鲤、鲇以及鳜,其余14种皆为中风险有毒鱼类。卡方检验（χ2）结果表明,嘉陵江不同风险等级有毒鱼类在食性类别、分布水层、分布范围及繁殖特征上差异不显著（P＞0.05）。该评估体系具有一定的实用价值,但限于对有毒鱼类的认知,本评估体系难免存在不足,未来应当加强对有毒鱼类的研究,以不断地完善该评估体系。本研究加强了人们对于有毒鱼类的了解,为有毒鱼类的科学管理提供了支撑,同时,也为下一步研究奠定了基础。     

不同海域鲍体镉分布特征与健康风险评价

文章对中国部分海域鲍体镉（cd）的质量分数与分布特征进行了分析讨论,并对鲍体cd对人体的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,1）鲍体W（Cd）总体上呈正态分布,其平均值为0．88mg·kg^-1,变化范围为0．06-1 2．02mg·kg^-1,其中广东、福建、山东和辽宁海域鲍体W（Cd）分别为（0．42±0．21）mg·kg^-1、（0．61±0．27）mg·kg^-1、（1．21±0．35）mg·kg^-1和（1．52±0．20）mg·kg^-1,不同海域鲍体W（Cd）差异显著（P〈0．05）。2）鲍体W（Cd）高于鱼类、头足类和甲壳类海洋生物,与贝类产品埘（Cd）相当;鲍体W（Cd）与栖息环境中cd的污染程度有密切关系。3）鲍体cd对人体的致癌性年风险指数低于国际辐射防护委员会推荐的风险水平,通过鲍膳食途径的人体cd暴露量低于世界卫生组织／联合国粮食和农业组织的食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的暂定每周耐受摄人量推荐值。研究结果对于鲍的健康养殖和安全消费具有指导意义。     

洞庭湖表层沉积物营养盐和重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为探究洞庭湖表层沉积物中营养盐和重金属的空间分布特征与生态风险,2012年2月和2013年4月在东、南、西洞庭湖各取3个共计9个具有代表性样点的表层沉积物,测定其有机质（OM）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）、砷（As）、铅（Pb）和铬（Cr）的含量。结果表明,洞庭湖表层沉积物中 OM、TN 和 TP 的含量分别为1．48％～4．22％、382～2217 mg／kg 和142～716 mg／kg,与国内其他湖泊（水库）相比,OM和 TN 含量处于中等水平;OM和 TN 的空间分布相似,表现为南洞庭湖区＞东洞庭湖区＞西洞庭湖区,TP 表现为东洞庭湖区＞西洞庭湖区＞南洞庭湖区。洞庭湖表层沉积物中,Cd、Hg、As、Pb 和 Cr 的含量分别为0.60～20．70 mg／kg、0.090～0．640 mg／kg、10．4～83．7 mg／kg、16．9～95．8 mg／kg 和59．0～199．0 mg／kg,其中 Cd 和 As 超过土壤环境质量三级标准,是主要的重金属污染物;Cd 和 Hg 的空间分布相似,表现为南洞庭湖区＞西洞庭湖区＞东洞庭湖区;As、Pb 和 Cr 的空间分布相似,表现为南洞庭湖区＞东洞庭湖区＞西洞庭湖区。初步评价结果显示,除 TP 外,其余营养盐和重金属均具有引起较低生态风险的可能性,横岭湖和虞公庙的 Cd、As 和 Cr 以及洞庭湖出口的 Cr 具有引起较高生态风险的可能性;受 Cd 和 As 含量较高的影响,南洞庭湖区具有较高的生态风险。     

Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

Spatial integration of freshwater fish markets in the Northern Baltic Sea area

Freshwater fish species and Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) are important to small-scale fisheries in Finland and Sweden. The formerly local markets for these species have expanded as trade has been opened up to international competition. In this study we use cointegration analysis to test the spatial integration of freshwater fish markets in Finland and between Finland and Sweden. The analysed fish species are salmon, perch (Perca fluviatilis), pikeperch (Sander lucioperca), European whitefish (Goregonus lavaretus) and pike (Exos lucius), and the data covers ex-vessel prices from 1993 or 1995 to 2004. We found that the regional prices in Finland were cointegrated. This indicates that the prices are determined on a single market in Finland. Moreover, the study suggests that Finnish and Swedish markets in Baltic salmon, whitefish, pikeperch and perch were partially integrated, while integration of pike markets could not be found. The political implication is that an essential part of the local small-scale fisheries’ operational environment is determined outside the national borders.     

Antipredator behaviour of naïve Arctic charr young in the presence of predator odours and conspecific alarm cues

Abstract –  We investigated how Arctic charr young respond behaviourally to olfactory cues from skin-damaged conspecifics, charr-fed pikeperch, and the combination of food-deprived pikeperch and skin-damaged conspecific cues in a two-channel Y-maze fluviarium test arena. Significant antipredator responses were found to skin-damaged conspecifics in three behavioural traits, to charr-fed pikeperch in two traits and to the combination of pikeperch and skin-damaged conspecific cues in all six behaviours investigated. The combination of predator and conspecific cues significantly increased spatial avoidance and cautiousness to approach the source of scent compared with odours from charr-fed predators. The results suggest that damage-released alarm cues exist in charr, and they strengthen the antipredator responses in conspecifics. As the charr used different behaviours and levels of response in the presence of different cues, they seem to have sophisticated skills to distinguish between different odour combinations and be able to adjust their behaviour according to the current predation risk level.