Impacts of Institutional Reforms on Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan

Poor functioning of theirrigation system in Pakistan has been asource of concern for the last few decades,during which time it has been the subject ofconsiderable external assistance andinternal policy reforms. Consequently, thegovernment of Pakistan introducedinstitutional restructuring in irrigationand drainage subsectors to impartnecessary improvements. Under thesereforms, management at secondary canallevel has recently been handed over to theFarmers Organizations (FOs) of selecteddistributaries in pilot areas. This studywas designed to evaluate a farmer-manageddistributary in southern Punjab. Fieldmeasurements revealed that hydraulicaspects of the irrigation service deliveredby the FO management has been significantlyimproved and as a result highlyproportionate and equitable waterdistribution was observed, particularly atthe tail reaches of the distributary. Dueto effective FO management farmers'interventions to increase the outletdischarge by illegal means has been almosteradicated. As a result of theseimprovements imparted by the FO in systemmanagement, the extent of irrigated area hasincreased on average by 6 to 7%, evenunder severe drought-like conditionsprevailing in the country during recentyears. Further cost recoveries haveincreased by an amount of 14% for summerand 23% for winter growing seasons,respectively, from the irrigated area of thedistributary. Thus experience from Hakra4-R distributary has shown that even underundesirable natural circumstancesIrrigation Management Transfer (IMT) wasquite effective in achieving the keytargets of the institutional reformslaunched at pilot scale in the country.     

微灌系统干支管经济坡降的推求

本文按照生产费用和耗能之和最小的原则,利用抛物线函数关系,对微灌系统干、支管的水力坡降进行了分析。分析结果表明:影响经济坡降的主要因素有流量、电价、系统的使用寿命、年运行时间、价格系数、以及机械效益等。最后并举例说明了该公式的应用。     

Introduction of Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) in Indonesia: Institutional development in action for resources management

The inability to properly maintain irrigation systems over time forced the Government of Indonesia (GOI) to seek cost recovery from water users through introduction of an irrigation service fee. The plan is to introduce this fee in all of the technical irrigation systems of Indonesia, covering about 4 million hectares, over a 12 year period. Design and Introduction of this service fee in 4 pilot areas of the 4 major rice producing provinces (West, Central and East Java, and South Sulawesi) during 1989–1991 has shown that users are willing to pay. Results of first ISF collection from over 11,000 farmers in Central and East Java in pilot systems was an encouraging 95%. However that acceptance to pay by users depends on their structured and systematic involvement in defining systems needs. They need to understand a differentiation in payment if service levels are different. They appreciate use of collected funds in the system where collected. They understand the organization of water users associations but this requires their active role in fee determination and collection. They understand the establishment of federations of these associations. ISF requires also active involvement of Local Government officials as facilitators and intermediaries between service receivers (the water users) and service providers (personnel of the Public Works irrigation department) in the introduction period. This article describes the experience of the first 21 months of the ISF project, the concept developed, the principles used as basis for ISF, the introduction at the field level, issues related to acceptance by users and by the institutions involved, and the first results.Abbreviations/Acronyms DGWRD Directorate General of Water Resources Development (Ministry of Public Works) - EOM Efficient Operation and Maintenance - Gabungan group of WUAs - IPAIR Indonesian abbreviation for ISF - ISF Irrigation Service Fee - Juru gate keeper - PBB land tax on irrigated lands - PPL agricultural field extension agent - P3A Indonesian abbreviation for Water Users Associations - PU Indonesian abbreviation for Public Works - SM Special Maintenance - WUA Water Users Associations     

渠道滤透式刚柔耦合衬护结构经济特性分析

采用工程实例分析了渠道滤透式刚柔耦合衬护结构的工程造价、维护费用,并与其它衬砌形式进行了对比分析。结果表明:在高地下水位区,渠道滤透式刚柔耦合衬护结构在工程造价、使用寿命、管理维护费用等经济特性上明显优于其它衬护形式,技术可靠,经济合理,具有推广应用价值。     

同种农机机群动态作业任务分配方法

为解决农机作业过程中因突发状况引起的作业时间增加、某些作业任务无法完成等问题,该研究提出一种基于改进合同网算法的同种农机机群动态作业任务分配方法。基于农机性能参数和任务参数综合考虑用时最长农机的作业时间、农机机群油耗和路上的路程建立机群代价函数,建立单个田块和地头相邻田块的路径规划方法,参考合同网算法中的招-投标过程,建立农机对任务进行投标的代价函数,基于降低服务器计算量、减少通信次数、任务均衡分配和减小非作业路程等原则,通过选择招标者、设定招标阈值、中标者任务再分配和农机间任务交换等方式改进合同网算法。在不同时间进行基于传统合同网算法和改进合同网算法的农机机群动态作业任务分配仿真试验和农场实际播种作业试验。仿真结果表明,基于改进合同网算法的动态任务分配仿真结果比基于传统合同网算法的动态任务分配仿真结果机群时间代价降低0.83%～12.89%,与服务器通信次数降低77.4%～85%。农场实际试验结果表明:在不同的任务分配时间,基于改进合同网算法的动态任务分配的机群时间代价比实际理论机群时间代价降低30.20%～34.09%。本文提出的动态作业任务分配法能够满足农业生产中同种农机机群动态作业任务分配需求。     

养殖废水处理设施自动化智能化运营与管控

为实现养殖废水处理设施自动化智能化运营与管控,本文以日产废水250 m³的某规模化养殖场废水处理设施为例,通过配置视频监控系统和在线监控设备,并设置预警预报功能,来展示自动化智能化运营与管控效果。实时监控结果表明,污泥浓度、DO、pH值等关键运行参数均控制在合理范围,分别为4 000~7 000 mg·L^-1、1.5 mg·L^-1（一级好氧池）和3~5 mg·L^-1（二级好氧池）、6.5~8.5;两级AO出水水质COD、氨氮均达标,分别为70 mg·L^-1以下和10 mg·L^-1以下,保障了设施运行效果,出水水质稳定达标,规避了环境风险。通过视频监控、在线监测、预警预报等功能,可有效监控废水处理设施每个处理环节运行状态,做到及时发现问题和解决问题,从而提高设施的管控效果和效率,并降低运营人员的投入,有效降低运营费用。实际运营结果表明,废水处理设施实施自动化智能化运营与管控,既能有效提高管控效果和效率,最大程度规避环境风险,又能降低运营成本,从而实现降本增效。     

宁夏回族自治区平罗县主要农作物碳足迹研究

农田碳足迹可以全面地反映农作物生产过程中各种因素引起的碳排放效应,是指导农业生产节能减排的重要指标。为探明农作物生产的碳足迹,基于宁夏回族自治区平罗县农田生产的实地调查数据,利用碳足迹的基本理论和方法,测算了该县农作物碳足迹。结果表明,水稻、玉米和小麦的碳足迹分别为1 487.56±164.59,913.03±142.99和809.75±144.99kg Ce/(hm2.a);碳成本分别为0.17±0.05,0.08±0.02g和0.12±0.03kg Ce/kg;化肥的施用量是影响碳足迹的主要因素,而水稻生产过程中灌溉水及育秧过程也是其碳足迹较高的主要原因。为了提高农田固碳减排增汇效益,应压缩水稻种植面积,扩大玉米和小麦种植,同时,建立节肥低碳高效的种植模式是实现平罗县农田节能减排的有效途径。     

基于无线Ad hot网络的低代价节能最短路径树算法

拓扑控制与拓扑维护是优化无线Adhot网络拓扑结构的重要方面,本研究以无线Adhot网络中各节点在失效情况下,为维护网络的连通性,提出一种以Dijkstra SPT算法为基础,以减少Adhot网络拓扑维护开销,低代价节能运行的最短路径树算法-ELSPT。其仿真实验表明,该算法有利于对Adhoc无线网络带宽的空间重利用,提高网络容量,减少分组碰撞的概率,对优化网络的拓扑控制和拓扑维护有着显著的有效性。     

中国农村生物质能利用技术和经济评价

农村生物质能利用技术种类较多,确定各类技术的适用范围及经济性,有利于在农村地区选择合适的技术,促进生物质能利用技术在农村的开发利用。该文提出了户均用能成本的概念和计算方法,对农村户用沼气、养殖场沼气工程、固体成型燃料、秸秆沼气、秸秆气化集中供气等技术进行了技术经济评价。研究结果表明:农村户用沼气技术的经济性最好,其次为固体成型燃料技术,而秸秆气化集中供气技术的经济性最差。随着农村社会经济的发展,认为固体成型燃料技术将逐渐占主导地位,而秸秆沼气技术可以填补由于畜禽粪便短缺而带来的空白。     

煤矿区井采土地复垦成本评价指标体系构建

以煤矿区井采为研究对象,建立了以自然环境条件、采矿条件、煤矿赋存条件3项为约束层,地形坡度、土地利用规划、煤层厚度等11个影响因子构成指标层的土地复垦成本评价指标体系,采用德尔菲法、层次分析法及YAAHP(V 6.0)软件确定了各项指标因子的权重。通过权重比较得出约束层的影响程度:煤矿赋存条件> 采矿条件> 自然环境条件,煤矿赋存条件中影响程度依次是:煤层厚度> 煤层倾角> 深厚比;采矿条件中各因子影响程度依次为:顶板管理方法> 采煤工艺> 采动程度;在自然环境条件下,土地利用规划> 有效土层厚度> 年降水量=土壤质地> 地形坡度。该评价指标体系的完善,为煤矿井采复垦成本修正系数的确定奠定基础。