基于寒害过程的福建芒果种植气候风险区划

通过冬季寒害灾情调查、果园定位观测、地理移置和人工气候箱低温致灾试验4种渠道,收集芒果寒害的灾情样本39例,从而确定芒果寒害临界温度为2.0℃。在此基础上,筛选出福建芒果主产县市2001-2014年冬季28个寒害过程,通过将寒害过程温度、降水等气象因子与相对气象产量进行相关分析,确定芒果寒害致灾因子为过程极端最低气温、日最低气温≤2.0℃有害积寒、≤2.0℃寒害过程持续日数、≤2.0℃寒害过程降温幅度。利用主成分分析对4个致灾因子进行综合简化,得到芒果寒害评价的综合气候指标,结合相对气象产量确定了指标分级。根据寒害综合气候指标等级,应用GIS方法完成福建省芒果寒害种植气候风险区划,无寒害-轻度寒害的区域主要分布在沿海地区,是引种芒果优质品种寒害风险最低的区域。     

火龙果皮与苜蓿、精料配比对饲料组合效应的研究

本试验旨在探讨火龙果皮与苜蓿、精料配比对饲料组合效应(AE)的影响。试验采用体外产气法测定在精粗比分别为40∶60和30∶70时,精料∶火龙果皮∶苜蓿分别为40∶60∶0、40∶45∶15、40∶30∶30、40∶15∶45、40∶0∶60和30∶70∶0、30∶55∶15、30∶40∶30、30∶25∶45、30∶10∶60、30∶0∶70时11种饲料组合及3种单独饲料(精料、火龙果皮、苜蓿)分别培养0、2、4、6、9、12、24、36、48 h的产气量(GP),培养结束后的上清液及残渣用以测定pH、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)与氨态氮(NH3-N)含量、干物质降解率(DM D)和有机物降解率(OM D),并计算出各指标的单项组合效应指数(SFAEI)和综合组合效应指数(MFAEI)。结果表明:精粗比为40∶60时,40∶60∶0、40∶45∶15组24 h产气量(GP24 h)、DMD、OMD的SFAEI显著或极显著高于其他各组(P<0.05或P<0.01),40∶60∶0、40∶45∶15、40∶30∶30组TVFA和NH3-N的SFAEI显著或极显著高于其他各组(P<0.05或P<0.01),40∶60∶0、40∶45∶15组的MFAEI极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01)。精粗比为30∶70时,30∶70∶0组GP24 h的SFAEI极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01),30∶70∶0、30∶55∶15、30∶40∶30组DM D和TVFA的SFAEI极显著高于其他各组(P <0. 01),30∶70∶0、30∶55∶15组OM D和NH3-N的SFAEI极显著高于其他各组(P <0. 01),30∶70∶0、30∶55∶15、30∶40∶30组的M FAEI极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01)。由此可见,精粗比为40∶60时,精料∶火龙果皮∶苜蓿为40∶45∶15时的M FAEI最大;精粗比为30∶70时,精料∶火龙果皮∶苜蓿为30∶70∶0时的M FAEI最大。     

杧果抗冷害能力及腋花序再生力研究

以杧果为试材,在经历2008年春长时间低温寡照之后,对15个品种的抗冷害能力和花序再生力进行了调查分析。结果表明：供试品种均受严重冷害,顶生花芽（或花序）大部分干枯死亡,仅金煌杧的抵抗力稍强;供试品种均具有腋花序再生能力,但品种间存在较大差异,再生力强的品种有农院14号杧、台农1号杧、凯特杧、金穗杧、紫花杧、桂热杧120号、桂热杧82号,较强的有红象牙杧、吉尔杧、秋杧、桂香杧,中等的有红金煌杧、金煌杧,较差的为贵妃杧和爱文杧;再生花序数与再生花梢率呈正相关。     

Pectic hydrolysates in the diet of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen): Growth performance,blood and liver biochemistry,histological parameters and intestinal contents

The aim of this study was to investigate the prebiotic potential of pectin hydrolysates that were extracted from agroindustrial waste (apple pomace—AP and passion fruit peel—PFP) and were added to the diet of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). A 49‐day biological assay was conducted, and five test diets were evaluated: one diet was a control diet and the other four diets included pectin hydrolysates (2.5 and 5 g/kg). At 49 experimental days, biometric data and biological material were collected to determine the performance, plasma and liver and histological parameters and to evaluate the intestinal contents. The results were analysed by the normality test, which was followed by an analysis of the variance; the treatment means were compared by an orthogonal contrast analysis at a 5% level of significance. The inclusion of 2.5 g/kg apple pomace hydrolysates resulted in a greater production of butyric acid, increased thickness of the muscular layer and higher goblet cell count in the intestine. The inclusion of 5 g/kg apple pomace hydrolysates led to a greater concentration of liver protein. Further studies are needed to increase the knowledge about the use of these additives in the diet of silver catfish and to establish levels that allow greater gains for the species.     

Orange peel fragment improves antioxidant capacity and haematological profile of Nile tilapia subjected to heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress

This study evaluated the ability of orange peel fragment (OPF) to act as a functional feedstuff, influencing growth, haematological profile, and antioxidant enzyme activity of Nile tilapia subjected heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress (HDOIS). A group of 440 male Nile tilapia (31.7 g ± 0.34) was randomly distributed in 40 250‐L aquaria (11 fish/tank) and fed five practical diets with graded levels of OPF at 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% for 70 days. The diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein and 18 MJ/kg crude energy. After the feeding period, growth performance was evaluated and six fish per treatment were sampled for haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity, before and after HDOIS. Then, fish were subjected to HDOIS (32°C/2.3 mg/L dissolved oxygen) for three days and the same haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were determined. There was no effect of OPF on the haematological profile, either before or after HDOIS. The polynomial regression model was used to express the relationship between antioxidant enzymes activity and OPF supplementation level. The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase was reached at 0.66%, 0.63%, and 0.68% of OPF respectively. Results of the present study suggest that a dietary supplementation level of 0.63%–0.68% of orange peel fragment was appropriate to maintain Nile tilapia haematological profile and improve its antioxidant capacity under HDOIS.     

不同鲜食、野生葡萄皮多酚类物质抗氧化活性比较

对9个广西主产鲜食、野生葡萄品种的葡萄皮多酚类物质含量及其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除率的影响进行比较研究。结果表明,葡萄皮中多酚类物质含量较高的品种为野生葡萄“野酿2号”毛葡萄和鲜食葡萄“温克”,含量分别为22.63 mg/g和19.77 mg/g。所有品种葡萄皮多酚对DPPH自由基清除率均在85%以上,抗氧化效果显著,但品种间对超氧阴离子自由基清除率差异较大,清除率最高的是“夏黑”（98.3%）,其次是“野酿2号”毛葡萄（85.7%）,最低的是“甬优一号”（35%）。果皮总酚含量高,同时抗氧化活性优于其他品种的是“野酿2号”毛葡萄、“温克”“、新株系Y137”毛葡萄和“夏黑”4个葡萄品种。     

饲料中添加柑桔皮粉和有机稀土复合饲料添加剂对黄杂肉用仔鸡生产性能的影响

将32日龄黄杂肉用仔鸡120只随机分成2组,每组60只,第一组为对照组,仅饲喂基础日粮,第二组饲喂在基础日粮中添加2％的柑桔皮粉 0．5％的730有机稀土复合饲料添加剂的日粮,试验进行35d,结果表明,试验组的增重比对照组高17．07％,料重比比对照组降低16．86％,饲料转化率比对照组提高20．27％,经济效益比对照组高40．14％。     

改性磁性荔枝皮对水及果汁中砷的吸附效果及动力学分析

为探索安全高效实用的果汁类食品砷吸附材料,以天然植物副产物荔枝皮为材料,通过共沉法制备砷吸附材料磁性荔枝皮(magnetic litchi peel,MLP),采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定砷含量,以砷清除率为判断指标,研究了MLP对三价砷和五价砷吸附效果及机理。结果表明:改性MLP表面含有粉末状的Fe3O4,与未改性荔枝皮相比部分官能团增加,表面粗糙、更加凹凸不平,结构疏松,微孔数量增加,有利于吸附作用的进行,在砷浓度为0.20 mg/L水溶液中三价砷和五价砷吸附率为88%和90%,对苹果汁中的三价砷和五价砷吸附率为83%和93%;MLP对三价砷和五价砷溶液吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温线模型,拟合决定系数R2均大于0.99,为单分子层吸附,在298 K条件下饱和吸附量三价砷为0.181 mg/g,五价砷为0.225 mg/g;MLP对砷溶液吸附动力学可以通过准二级吸附动力学模型描述,R2均高于0.99;MLP对三价砷和五价砷的吸附过程中吉布斯自由能小于0,吸附反应是自发进行的,焓变小于0,MLP对两种价态砷的吸附都是放热反应。研究结果可为改性荔枝皮在果汁类食品中砷脱除方法和工艺的应用提供理论与数据参考。     

酰基化对花色苷呈色及抗氧化性影响

以紫甘蓝、茄皮为原料,分别提取矢车菊素及飞燕草素衍生物,进行脱酰基反应。对脱酰基前后花色苷的结构、颜色、紫外-可见光谱及抗氧化性进行分析。结果表明,矢车菊素衍生物以cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucoside为母核,带有1个或2个酰基化的基团,形成酰基化的酸有咖啡酸、香豆酸、阿魏酸和芥子酸;飞燕草素衍生物以delphinidin-3-rutinose-5-glucoside为母核,带有1个香豆酰基。酰基的存在会降低花色苷的明暗度。酰基化飞燕草素衍生物色度角为(15.99±0.24)°,脱酰基后色度角为(42.43±0.49)°,酰基化矢车菊素衍生物色度角为(334.32±0.04)°,脱酰基后色度角为(13.94±0.13)°。带酰基的花色苷在330nm左右有吸收峰,为B环上酰基基团引发。飞燕草素衍生物比矢车菊素衍生物的氧自由基清除能力、Fe~(3+)还原能力以及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力强。酰基的存在提高了飞燕草素衍生物的氧自由基清除能力、Fe~(3+)还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力和矢车菊素衍生物的Fe~(3+)还原能力及DPPH自由基清除能力,但是降低了矢车菊素衍生物的氧自由基清除能力。     

芒果果实转录组数据组装及基因功能注释

以红芒6号为试材,对生长发育各时期果皮与果肉样品提取RNA后等量混合进行转录组测序,共获得了68 419 722个reads,包含6 157 744 980个核苷酸序列信息,平均读长90 bp,序列信息全部登陆NCBI数据库(SRP035450)。对reads进行拼接,共获得124 002个Contig片段,进一步组装获得54 207个Unigene片段,平均长度为838 bp,阈值小于10-5的序列中共有42 515(78.43%)个unigenes被注释到公共蛋白数据库。其中,35 198个被注释到生物学过程、分子功能和细胞组分GO类别的44个功能组,14 619个Unigene匹配到25类COG功能组,23 741个Unigene被富集到128个KEGG代谢通路,包括代谢途径、次生代谢的生物合成、植物-病原物互作、植物激素信号转导、苯丙氨酸生物合成、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、类黄酮类化合物合成等。本研究将为进一步的芒果功能基因克隆、基因表达分析、分子标记开发等研究奠定基础。