The threat of wild habitat to scab resistant apple cultivars

Evaluations of plant resistance to pathogens are rarely made using isolates from wild habitats, although the heterogeneity of such habitats may generate pathogen diversity which could be a source of new virulence in cultivated habitats. The aim of this study was to investigate whether scab resistance factors, identified and characterized in apples using isolates of Venturia inaequalis from a cultivated habitat, remained effective against isolates from a wild habitat. Three V. inaequalis core collections originating from the cultivated apple Malus × domestica and from two wild species, M. sieversii and M. sylvestris, were established to maximize pathogen diversity. For each core collection, 10 isolates were inoculated in mixtures onto 51 genotypes from an apple progeny segregating for two qualitative resistance genes and six quantitative resistance loci (QRL). On each apple genotype, isolates that contributed to the scab symptoms were identified within the mixture using microsatellite markers. The most frequently detected isolates were inoculated singly to compare their aggressiveness according to their host origin. The results showed that isolates from a wild habitat were able to infect the susceptible apple genotypes. However, these isolates were never more aggressive than isolates from the cultivated habitat on the resistance factors tested. It can therefore be concluded that the resistance factors used in this study, identified with V. inaequalis isolates from a cultivated habitat, remained effective against isolates from M. sylvestris and M. sieversii.     

Effects of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Vegetative Growth and Mineral Element Composition in Leaves of Apple

Evaluations of vegetative growth and leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) were made of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. Granny Smith, Gala, and Golab) grown with five treatments of NO₃^?:NH₄⁺ ratios in pot culture. The concentrations of NO₃^?:NH₄⁺ ratios were 2.5:0.1, 6:0.3, 6:0.5, 6:0.7, and 6: 1 meq L^?1. Regression analysis showed that growth parameters of main stems and branches were not affected by increases of NH₄⁺ in the ratios. Granny Smith, Gala, and Golab differed in some of these parameters. Concentrations of N and Fe increased as NH₄⁺ increased, whereas K and Ca decreased and Mg was not affected significantly. Generally, the treatment of 2.5:0.1 produced leaves with lower N but higher K, Ca, and Mg concentrations than the other treatments. This research showed that vegetative growth was not affected by NH₄⁺ concentration whereas elemental composition was affected.     

锌铜处理对苹果属植物叶内碳酸酐酶活性的影响

通过室内外试验,观测了锌、铜处理对苹果属植物叶内碳酸酐酶(CA酶)活性的效应和锌处理对叶内锌、铜、磷、钙、铁含量韵影响。结果表明:在甜茶实生苗和苹果幼苗水培中,锌0.5mg·1~(-1)处理的CA酶活性最高;加入到苹果幼苗酶提取液中的波尔多液(1:2:160)明显抑制CA酶活性,而硫酸铜溶液(160倍)只有微弱的抑制作用,在幼苗叶上喷波尔多液对CA酶活性有一定的抑制作用;在红星苹果大树上喷施锌肥对叶内的CA酶活性无显著影响;梯度锌水培和新梢速长期叶面喷锌的处理都显著或极显着改变和提高了叶内含锌量,但对铁、铜、钙含量影响较小。对叶内锌含量与CA酶活性的关系和波尔多液对CA酶活性的抑制原因进行了讨论。     

苹果属植物染色体基数X=17起源的细胞遗传学研究

采用改良涂片法和去壁低渗法对苹果属10个二倍体种的小孢子母细胞染色体行为及根尖体细胞核对进行了分析.结果表明:小孢子染色体行为大多表现正常,联会构型以17Ⅱ占绝对优势.但偶尔也发现某些二价体的提早成延迟分离,多价体的发生,异型二价体、单价体、落后染色体及微核的形成以及后期的不均等分配;在体细胞染色体组成上,以中部着终点染色体(m)和近中都着丝点染色体(sm)为主,此外还有1—2个近端都着终点(st)同源染色体,核型为2A、2B和3B型.在每一种类的核型组成上均存在不同程度的染色体杂合现象.这些结果表明了苹果染色体组的异源多倍体起源,最后讨论了基数X=17的起源类型.     

生根剂处理对红缨海棠嫩枝扦插生根的影响

以2年生母树上当年生半木质化嫩枝为材料,采用L9 3^4正交试验设计,研究吲哚丁酸（IBA）、萘乙酸（NAA）及其组合对红缨海棠嫩枝扦插生根的影响。结果表明：红缨海棠嫩枝扦插生根类型为愈伤组织生根型;生根剂处理可以显著促进插穗生根,萘乙酸（NAA）对插穗生根的促进作用明显优于吲哚丁酸（IBA）,且插穗生根质量较好;用1000mg／LNAA溶液浸蘸插穗5s,生根率可达70％。     

不同供磷水平对平邑甜茶生长及15N-尿素吸收和利用的影响

以盆栽平邑甜茶为试材,采用15N示踪技术研究了5个磷(P2O5)水平处理(0、400、600、800、1000 mg/kg)对平邑甜茶生长及15N-尿素吸收、分配和利用的影响。结果表明:随着施磷量的增加,植株的株高、茎粗、干重和叶面积均先增加后减少,400 mg/kg水平时植株正常生长,株高、茎粗、干重和叶面积最大,分别为27.72 cm、0.428 cm、8.07 g和15.12 mm2;1000 mg/kg水平时植株生长受抑制,株高、茎粗、干重和叶面积最小分别为21.86 cm、0.318 cm、6.13 g和13.73 mm2;植株不同器官(根、茎、叶)的Ndff值也表现出同样趋势。植株全氮、15 N吸收量、氮肥利用率随着施磷量的增加均表现出先增后减的趋势,400 mg/kg水平时植株全氮、15N吸收量和利用率最大分别为0.1146 g、0.0012 g和4.11%,600mg/kg水平时植株全氮,15N吸收量和利用率分别为0.1090 g、0.001 g和3.01%;800 kg/kg水平时,植株全氮,15 N吸收量和利用率分别为:0.0927 g、0.0007 g和2.23%,而1000 mg/kg水平时全氮、15N吸收量和利用率最小分别为0.0847 g、0.0007 g和2.04%。     

钙对酸化处理平邑甜茶根系抗氧化酶活性及线粒体功能的影响

为探讨酸化处理及钙对酸化处理下平邑甜茶根系抗氧化酶活性及线粒体功能的影响,将平邑甜茶幼苗分2组分别置于pH3,4,5,6(对照)的1/2Hoagland营养液中及3个钙离子浓度梯度(10,20,30mmol·L-1)的pH值为3的1/2Hoagland营养液中,于第0,2,3,4天分别测定抗氧化酶活性及线粒体指标。结果表明:与对照相比,各处理的SOD,CAT酶活性在处理的第2天达到最大值,POD酶活性变化不一,pH3与pH4处理在第2天达到最大值,pH5处理在第3天达到最大值;根系线粒体膜通透性、膜电位及细胞色素c/a随着酸度增加和时间的延长逐渐降低;H2O2含量先降低后升高。低浓度外源钙(10,20mmol·L-1)处理能提高SOD,CAT,POD酶活性并维持一定时间,缓解线粒体各项功能的伤害,抑制H2O2的积累,主要表现在与单独酸处理相比H2O2含量降低了6.78%,13.43%,且20mmol·L-1钙离子缓解效果最好;30mmol·L-1钙离子处理却加剧了酸化伤害,H2O2含量上升了8.96%。酸化处理会对平邑甜茶根系造成伤害而营养液适量加钙可以缓解其伤害。     

苹果根系构型及其调控研究进展

 根系是果树栽培管理的基础和中心。重点介绍了苹果根系研究试材的选择、苹果根系构型的类型以及环境营养、土壤条件、栽培容器和生长调节剂等对苹果根系形态构型的影响和调控等方面的研究进展,并提出了进一步研究的内容。