Control of insect pests using trunk injection in a newly established apple orchard

We evaluated the potential for using preplant trunk injections of emamectin benzoate in nonbearing apple trees. Trees were evaluated for pest injury and emamectin residues throughout the planting season and into the following year. Injections into the trunk best delivered emamectin benzoate to the canopy compared with injections into the taproot, and the higher rate reduced insect pests more than the lower rate. In the following year, differences in insect control between trunk and root injections were less pronounced, but the higher rate of emamectin benzoate persisted longer and better reduced pests relative to the other treatments.     

红富士苹果芽变系DNA甲基化研究

以35份富士苹果(Malus×domestica Borkh.‘Fuji’)芽变材料为试材,利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism,MSAP)分析和UPGMA聚类方法,对其基因组甲基化修饰水平、变异模式以及表观遗传变异关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同富士系得到不同的MSAP扩增,总DNA甲基化水平27.90%～36.16%,平均32.87%,双链全甲基化为主要甲基化方式;(2)富士芽变材料绝大多数位点保持了原有甲基化模式;(3)绝大多数芽变(68.57%)检测到全部的甲基化变异模式(12种),去甲基化频率极显著高于甲基化频率(P <0.01),且CG去甲基化极显著高于CHG;(4)36份种质遗传相似系数平均值0.89(0.79～0.92),在聚类图上,富士原种分布在芽变系集中区外,新近发生的芽变系更倾向于聚在一起,着色系片红型和条红型芽变呈分散排布状态。总的来看,富士芽变的甲基化变异模式丰富,超甲基化和去甲基化相伴发生,但以去甲基化为主;‘富士’着色芽变与其最原始品种富士,以及芽变之间发生了较大表观遗传变异;片红和条红型芽变聚类未表现明显偏好性。本研究将为进一步开展富士着色系芽变机理研究提供指导,可以CG去甲基化为切入点展开深入研究。     

苹果连作土壤加入酒糟可减轻连作障碍

在盆栽条件下,研究了啤酒糟和白酒糟对连作平邑甜茶幼苗生长及其连作土壤中微生物的影响。结果表明,连作土壤添加酒糟可显著提高平邑甜茶幼苗株高、干样质量、鲜样质量等生物量指标。添加酒糟后土壤中细菌、真菌数量与连作土对照相比也有明显提升。通过聚类分析、主成成分分析和多样性分析发现,加入酒糟后土壤中微生物群落结构发生明显变化,且不同酒糟类型和不同酒糟处理方式造成微生物的群落结构不同;由于酒糟自身携带及灭菌酒糟在土壤中滋生的微生物,促使土壤中优势种群的出现,改变了土壤中微生物群落的多样性指数和丰富度指数。对土壤中的层出镰孢菌(Fusarium proliferatum)进行实时荧光定量分析显示,与连作土壤对照中的层出镰孢菌基因拷贝数相比,啤酒糟、白酒糟、灭菌啤酒糟和灭菌白酒糟处理分别降低了39.1%、58.1%、20.9%和39.2%,酒糟灭菌后减弱了对有害菌层出镰孢菌的抑制作用。综上,苹果连作土壤中加入酒糟后,改变了土壤中微生物的群落结构,降低了有害真菌的数量,减轻了苹果连作障碍现象,其中白酒糟效果更好。     

苹果种质资源枝干轮纹病抗性评价

将田间自然发病抗性鉴定法与利用苹果轮纹病菌ZZ26人工接种枝条鉴定法相结合,对189份栽培种苹果种质资源进行了苹果轮纹病综合抗性鉴定,并根据抗病性鉴定结果对其进行抗病类型分类和评价。结果表明:不同苹果种质资源抗病性表现存在差异,但参试种质中未发现免疫种质。通过人工接种,189份苹果种质资源的抗病类型可分为:高抗(16个);中抗(75个);中感(81个);高感(17个)。通过田间调查,2012年得到抗病类型3种,即高抗(144个);中抗(44个);中感(1个)。2013年同样是3个抗病类型:高抗(14个);中抗(162个);中感(13个)。两年调查均无高感品种。2017年再次调查,结果显示田间调查与人工接种鉴定结果有随种植年限增加一致率逐渐提高的趋势,2012年为13.23%,2013年为38.62%,2017年则超过一半,达到57.14%。经过综合抗性筛选,最终得到表现一致性较好的高抗种质2份:北之幸和秦冠。     

山楂海棠RAPD亲缘关系研究

应用RAPD分子标记技术,对山楂海棠的分类地位进行了探讨。根据RAPD分子标记聚类分析,将14份苹果材料分为5类,8份山楂材料分为4类,山楂海棠的亲缘关系位于山楂和苹果之间,但与苹果较近,认为山楂海棠可能是苹果和山楂的属间杂交种。     

降尘对阿克苏地区主栽果树叶片光合特性及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨长期叶面降尘对阿克苏地区主栽果树叶片光合性能的影响,于6—8月以苹果(Malus pumila)、核桃(Juglans regia)、枣(Ziziphus jujube)3种果树为试验材料,分别选择自然状态下接受降尘影响的样树5株为降尘处理,以每7 d用清水冲洗一次叶片的样树5株为对照处理,对比分析叶片滞尘量、光合参数、荧光参数和叶绿素含量的变化。结果表明：3种果树叶片滞尘能力为苹果>枣>核桃。3种果树降尘处理植株的叶片叶绿素含量(Chl)、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)均显著(P<0.05)低于对照植株,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)则显著(P<0.05)高于对照植株,并且降尘处理时间越久,对果树叶片叶绿素含量及光合参数的影响越大。此外,3种果树降尘处理植株最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)显著低于对照植株,最小荧光(F_o)、非光化学淬灭系数(NP...     

Method of Constructing Core Collection for Malus sieversii in Xinjiang, China Using Molecular Markers

The method for constructing core collection ofMalus sieversii based on molecular marker data was proposed. According to 128 SSR allele of 109 M. sieversii, an allele preferred sampling strategy was used to construct M. sieversii core collection, using the UPGMA （unweighted pair-group average method） cluster method according to Nei ＆ Li, SM, and Jaccard genetic distances, by stepwise clustering, and compared with the random sampling strategy. The number of lost allele and t-test of Nei＇s gene diversity and Shannon＇s information index were used to evaluate the representative core collections. The results showed that compared with the random sampling strategy, allele preferred sampling strategy could construct more representative core collections. SM, difference for construction of M. sieversii core collection. Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances had no significant SRAP （sequence-related amplified polymorphism） data and morphological data showed that allele preferred sampling strategy was a good sampling strategy for constructing core collection of M. sieversii. Allele preferred sampling strategy combined with SM, Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances using stepwise clustering was the suitable method for constructing M. sieversii core collection.     

Effects of Cinnamon Acid on Respiratory Rate and Its Related Enzymes Activity in Roots of Seedlings of Malus hupehensis Rehd

This paper studied the effects of cinnamon acid treatments on the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity in the seedling roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd.It would provide information for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition damage caused by continuous cultivation of apple tree.20 mL of solution containing different concentrations of cinnamon acid was added into container with the tested seedlings.After treatment,the samples were taken periodically and the respiratory rates were measured by OXY-LAB oxygen electrodes under 25°C stable temperature and then the activities of related enzymes were measured.The rates of total respiration and other 2 pathways [tricarboxylic acid cycle （TCA） and pentose phosphate pathway （PPP）] appeared initially an increasing treads and late （on the 3rd d） began to decline.However,they again appeared an increase trend at the end period,on the contrast,the respiratory rate of embden-meyer- hot-parnas （EMP） pathway appeared a stead decline tread but it had a recover on the last day.The respiratory rate of total and 3 pathways were decreased under 125 mg kg-1 （soil）.The dynamic trends of the enzymes activities of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase （PFK）,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase （G-6-PDH） and malate dehydrogenase （MDH） showed similarly.In conclusion,treatments of certain concentration of cinnamon acid would inhibit the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity of roots of M.hupehensis Rehd.And the inhibition degrees were positively related with concentration of cinnamon acid treatments.     

控释肥与水分耦合对红丽海棠品质及树体营养状况的影响

以红丽海棠为试验材料,研究控释肥与水分耦合对其生长指标(新梢长度、叶片面积、干径)、花朵中的花色苷含量、果实品质指标(横径、纵径、果柄长、单果重、可滴定酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量)以及叶片中氮、磷、钾含量的影响。结果表明:包膜水肥耦合能够明显促进红丽海棠的生长,增加花朵中的花色苷含量、提高果实品质以及叶片中的氮、磷、钾含量,而包膜控释肥与适量的水分协调效果更佳。     

苹果L-半乳糖-1-磷酸磷酸酶cDNA克隆及其表达

 【目的】了解苹果果实L-半乳糖-1-磷酸磷酸酶(L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase, GPP)基因的特性,探索苹果GPP基因表达特性及其与抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,AsA)水平的关系。【方法】通过RT-PCR从苹果果实中克隆GPP 全长 cDNA,分析其序列特征,进行原核表达,制备GPP特异抗体,分析GPP mRNA及其蛋白表达水平与苹果不同组织AsA的关系。【结果】从‘嘎啦’苹果果实中克隆的GPP cDNA(GenBank登录号为 FJ752240)包含的最大开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)为813 bp,编码270个氨基酸残基,预测分子量为29 kD,该基因与其它植物报道的GPP基因具有较高的相似性,但与肌醇-1-磷酸磷酸酶基因差异较大。构建的pET-32a(＋)-GPP载体在大肠杆菌BL21(E. coli BL21)中异源表达后,获得主要以包涵体存在约50 kD的融合蛋白GPP-His(His约21 kD)。以该蛋白制备抗体,与重组蛋白的Western杂交表明该抗体能与GPP发生特异反应。对苹果可溶性蛋白杂交显示,苹果体内GPP蛋白约33 kD。在苹果不同组织中,GPP mRNA与蛋白质的相对表达水平与AsA含量存在明显的一致性。【结论】以单体形式存在的苹果GPP蛋白具有翻译后修饰特性,且该基因的表达在苹果AsA合成调控中可能起重要作用。