新疆野苹果F_1代果实性状的相关分析和主成分分析

以4年生新疆野苹果×富士杂交F1代群体为试材,对19个果实品质指标进行测定,利用相关分析和主成分分析从功能基因研究和品系选育两个角度对各指标的遗传变异进行考察。结果表明:(1)与栽培苹果相比,F1代在果实质地、花色苷有关性状之间的相关性存在差异:钙与果实质地的3个指标相关性不显著;花色苷与糖含量相关性不显著,但与钙、钾含量相关性极显著。钙与多个指标极显著相关,可作为功能基因研究的重点。(2)从主成分贡献率看,果实质地、矿质元素、果实大小、花色苷含量4个主成分在遗传信息中占的比重较大,是下一步功能基因研究的切入点,也是进行品质综合评价的重点考察对象。加大对果实质地、果实大小、花色苷含量的考察可提高育种效率。(3)对主成分综合得分排序,根据不同育种目标选择综合性状优良的个体,是新疆野苹果在育种中利用保存的有效捷径。     

两种苹果砧木根系水力结构及其PV曲线水分参数对干旱胁迫的响应

研究干旱胁迫对平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)和楸子(Malus prunifolia)根系水力结构及其PV曲线水分参数的影响。设定正常与干旱2种水分处理,对2种苹果砧木进行氯化汞-巯基乙醇处理和压力室-容积(PV)曲线测定试验,并利用高压流速仪(HPFM),测定平邑甜茶和楸子根系水力结构。结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加重,平邑甜茶和楸子的根系导水率、根系叶比导水率、根系茎比导水率出现减少趋势。在适宜水分和重度干旱条件下,平邑甜茶根系叶比导水率分别为楸子根系叶比导水率的95%和92%,平邑甜茶根系茎比导水率分别为楸子根系茎比导水率的52%和62%,楸子与平邑甜茶相比在根系茎比导水率和根系叶比导水率上出现增加趋势。干旱胁迫可能会导致水通道蛋白的活性受到抑制,致使其根系导水率出现降低,继而导致了地上部分气体交换受到影响。严重干旱时,楸子与平邑甜茶相比可能具有更大的水孔蛋白表达量来抵御干旱胁迫。在2种水分条件下,楸子的初始质壁分离时的渗透势(ψs^tlp)、饱和含水时的渗透势(ψs^sat)、初始质壁分离时的相对水含量(RWC^tlp)、初始质壁分离时的相对渗透水含量(ROWC^tlp)、组织细胞总体弹性模量(ε'')值与平邑甜茶相比较均处于较低水平,束缚水含量(Va)值处在较高水平。对PV曲线水分参数进行隶属函数综合评价得出的Δ值为楸子大于平邑甜茶,平邑甜茶和楸子之间b值差异不明显。在适宜水分和重度干旱条件下楸子所体现出的输水策略优于平邑甜茶。PV曲线水分参数同苹果砧木根系的水力结构一样能够随着植物所处的环境做出相应的调整。对于PV曲线水分参数研究发现,楸子在膨压保持方面与平邑甜茶相比,其抗旱性优于平邑甜茶。     

新疆红肉苹果杂交后代绵/脆肉株系果实质地差异相关酶活性的初步研究

 以‘富士’× 新疆红肉苹果杂交F₁群体中的2个绵肉株系‘绵肉1号’、‘绵肉2号’和2个脆肉株系‘脆肉1号’、‘脆肉2号’不同发育时期的果实为试材,测定其果实硬度、脆度、乙烯释放量和细胞壁降解酶活性,分析探讨它们之间的相关性。结果表明：①2个脆肉株系各个时期的果实硬度和脆度均显著高于2个绵肉株系;②在幼果期和果实膨大期的乙烯释放量均小,绵肉株系与脆肉株系间差异不明显,在花后130 d的成熟期,2个绵肉株系的乙烯释放量是2个脆肉株系的10倍;③2个绵肉株系果实的果胶酶和β–半乳糖苷酶活性绝大部分发育时期高于2个脆肉株系,而α-L–阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶、β–木糖苷酶、淀粉酶和脂氧合酶的活性在发育前期差异较小,到发育后期2个绵肉株系显著高于2个脆肉株系;④相关分析显示,绵肉脆肉特性与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、α-L–阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶及淀粉酶活性密切相关。     

平邑甜茶根系 NO 和活性氧对钠与氯离子胁迫的反应

 以平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis）实生苗为试材,在水培条件下研究了氯化钠（NaCl）、钠离 子（Na+）和氯离子（Cl-）对根系一氧化氮（NO）和活性氧（ROS）生成速率以及膜脂过氧化的影响。 结果表明：在相同浓度等渗透势NaCl、Na⁺和Cl^-盐溶液处理下,平邑甜茶根系NO 和超氧阴离子 产生速率以及丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量均升高,升高数值由大到小均为NaCl>Cl^- >Na⁺ 处理,并且NaCl 处理下的所测各指标的数值均小于Na+和Cl-单独处理下两者的加和,显示在NaCl 胁迫 诱导平邑甜茶根系积累ROS 和NO 进而引起氧化伤害的过程中,Cl^-的作用大于Na⁺,NaCl 引起的胁迫效 应并不是Na⁺和Cl^-胁迫效应的简单叠加。     

Root Pruning—A Poorly Understood Management Practice in Fruit Trees

ABSTRACT

Root pruning (RP) is a management practice intended to reduce excessive shoot growth resulting from a disturbed root/shoot-balance. It appears to function by limiting the gibberellin activity in fruit trees by interfering with endogenous growth control. In this way, not only shoot growth but also fruit development and flower-bud formation can be influenced by one common mechanism. The results are contradictory and often unpredictable. The prospects of RP as a management practice are rather limited.     

缺锌和高锌胁迫下苹果根系有机酸对锌的内稳性的响应

To elucidate the mechanisms of tolerance to zinc (Zn) deficiency and Zn toxicity in the root of apple trees, the apple rootstock Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd seedlings were selected to study the responses of organic acids to Zn homeostasis in roots under low Zn (0 μmol L-1 ), adequate Zn (as control, 4 μmol L-1 ) and toxic Zn (100 μmol L-1 ) treatments. The differences of Zn concentrations and accumulations in the roots were highest, compared with those in the stems and leaves, when apple seedlings were subjected to low and toxic Zn treatments for 1 d. The concentrations and accumulations of oxalic and malic acids in the roots in the low and toxic Zn treatments increased by 20% to 60% compared with those of the control treatment. Significantly negative correlations were found between the total Zn concentrations and the concentrations of oxalic and malic acids in the roots under 1 d of low Zn treatment. However, contrary correlations were found for the toxic Zn treatment. Meanwhile, the maximum influx rates of Zn 2+ under low and toxic Zn treatments increased by 30% and 20%, respectively, compared with the rate of the control treatment. Both Zn deficiency and Zn toxicity increased the concentrations of organic acids in root after short-time Zn treatment, which could resist Zn stress through balanding Zn homeostasis in M. hupehensis Rehd.     

苹果SUPERMAN类蛋白家族的基因克隆与生物信息学分析

SUPERMAN 类基因是植物生长发育中的重要转录因子。为了揭示苹果 SUPERMAN 类蛋白家族的生理基因功能,本研究以富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv. Fuji)为试材,利用 RT-PCR 方法和锚定PCR 方法克隆了 MdLIFa(GenBank 登录号 HM370493)和启动子序列,利用特异引物 PCR 方法克隆了苹果基因组中其余 11 个 SUPERMAN 类基因。12 个基因命名为 MdLIFa/MdLIFb (GenBank 登录号:HQ260429)、MdSUP1a (HQ418477)/MdSUP1b (HQ418478)、MdSUP4 (HQ418475)/MdSUP12 (HQ418476)、MdSUP5a (HQ418469)/MdSUP13b (HQ418470)、MdSUP9a (HQ418473)/MdSUP9b (HQ418474) 和 MdSUP5b(HQ418471)/MdSUP13a(HQ418472),分别位于 11/3、1/1、4/12、5/13、9/ 未知和 5/13 号染色体,每对基因间的同源性均在86%以上。通过基因枪法轰击洋葱(Allium cepa)表皮细胞,基因瞬时表达证明 MdLIFa 定位于细胞核内。MdLIFa 基因启动子序列中含有多个参与花粉发育、根特异性表达、与光诱导和 Dof 单锌指基因家族作用的调控元件等。系统进化分析表明,MdLIFa/b、MdSUP9a/9b 和 MdSUP5a/13b、以及MdSUP1a/b、MdSUP5b/MdSUP13a和 MdSUP4/12 分别聚类为一组,参与植株的形态建成和花器官发育。苹果 12 个 SUPERMAN 类基因成对高度同源,具有生物学功能的多样性,为深入的基因鉴定和遗传转化提供有用信息。     

Nutrient status of apple leaves not affected by three years of irrigation using partial rootzone drying

Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a water‐saving irrigation technology that may affect apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Golden Delicious/Malling7)‐tree nutrition if applied for an extended period. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that long‐term application of PRD causes seasonal changes in macro‐ and micronutrients of apple leaves. The irrigation treatments were: (1) commercial irrigation as control (CI) and (2) PRD. After 3 years of evaluation, PRD irrigation had saved about 3240 m³ of water per hectare. Leaf xylem water potential was slightly lower in the PRD treatment than in CI. The seasonal concentration of macro‐ and micronutrients was comparable between treatments, although significant differences were found at times. The macronutrient concentrations were within the normal range in PRD apple leaves. All micronutrient concentrations were slightly above the normal range except for Zn, which was slightly below the normal range. No physiological disorders associated with plant nutrition were observed on leaves or fruits. Therefore, data suggest that PRD did not alter apple‐tree nutrition during the 3‐year trial. Thus, PRD may be feasible for apple production in Central Mexico. However, further studies need to be conducted in those regions where groundwater is the main water source for irrigation and rain is negligible, particularly during the growing season.     

苹果多糖除杂脱色工艺的筛选

以苹果渣为原料从中提取多糖,并对多糖进行脱蛋白和脱色处理。结果表明:TCA法沉淀两次脱蛋白效果最佳,脱蛋白率达23.87%,多糖损失率仅为0.40%;而脱色则以透析法的效果最好,多糖呈灰白色,多糖液透光率提高了20.70%。     

磷与VA菌根真菌对小金海棠苹果苗生长及营养的影响

 采用隔网分室盆栽装置, 研究了P 不同水平下, 接种VA 菌根真菌〔Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch. 〕对小金海棠(Malus xiaojinensis Cheng et Jiang) 实生苗生长及P、Fe、Zn、Cu 营养状况的影响。结果表明, 菌根真菌的侵染能显著增加小金海棠实生苗的生长量,改善宿主植物的P 营养。虽然小金海棠菌根苗地上部及根部Fe 含量因边室施加P 肥明显降低, 但其Fe 的吸收量明显增加, 且在施P 50 mg·kg^-1的水平(P₁) 下达最大值。菌根真菌的侵染增加了小金海棠苗对Zn 和Cu 元素的吸收。