不同基肥处理对黧蒴栲幼苗生理特性的影响

为了研究不同基肥处理对黧蒴栲幼苗生理特性的影响,以当年生黧蒴栲实生苗为试验材料,研究不同磷肥水平及复合肥、尿素及空白对照下,植株超氧阴离子含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性、叶绿素含量、净光合速率等五项生理指标在施肥后的季节变化,为施用基肥选择提供理论依据。结果表明,中低浓度的磷肥对黧蒴栲幼苗生理活动有促进作用;因此,黧蒴栲幼苗适合的基肥种类及浓度为每hm2施用过磷酸钙（含有效P2O5 16%）25~50t,其抗氧化保护酶活性、叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率有所提高,O2-含量有所降低。     

Effects of Plant and Soil Factors on Growth of Young Apple and Blackcurrant Plants

Abstract

Shoot growth as affected by plant size at planting, peat application in the planting hole, pruning, drip-irrigation and, for apple, specific apple replant disease (SARD) was investigated in apple (cv. Elstar) and blackcurrant (cvs Ben Lomond and Ben Nevis), using a multifactorial design. In the first year after planting, peat application and drip-irrigation enhanced shoot growth in both species, with a further interactional increase when both treatments were applied. The extension growth of apple, in contrast to blackcurrant, was positively related to plant size, and the strength of the relationship was distinctly improved when growth conditions were good. Pruning had only small effects on total shoot growth, with a trend towards an increase when growth conditions were poor.     

晋西黄土区幼龄苹果+花生间作地土壤水分的时空分布特征

选取晋西黄土区具有典型代表性的幼龄苹果(Malus pumila)+花生(Arachis hypogaea)间作地作为研究对象,在花生生长季的不同时间对苹果+花生间作地和对照花生单作地的土壤水分进行定位监测,研究苹果+花生间作系统间作界面上土壤水分的时空分布特征和水分效应,及其对花生生长状况和产量的影响。结果表明:1)间作地土壤平均水分含量生长季逐月变化显著,水分耗用最大的时间为7月;2)在垂直方向上,土壤含水量随着土壤深度的增加而增加,在水平方向上,土壤含水量最低值出现在距离果树行最近的区域,并随着与树行距离的增加而增加;3)间作地种间土壤水分耗用量最大的区域为靠近苹果树的表层土壤;4)在当前树龄下,苹果+花生间作系统相对于花生单作土壤水分在整体上表现为负效应,对花生的产量产生了不利的影响,并限制了果农间作系统生态效益和经济效益的进一步提高。建议采取适当的调控和管理措施缓解种间水分竞争并提高花生的产量。     

Physiological disorders,bitter rot and other fungal decay of ‘Aroma’ apple fruit stored in controlled atmosphere

Effects of controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions on physiological disorders and fungal fruit decay on apple ‘Aroma’ were investigated. Fruit from three growing seasons were stored at 1% or 2% O₂ (both at 2% CO₂) at either 1°C or 3°C in small research units; controls were kept in the same ventilated rooms at the two temperatures (ambient air). The fruit were removed from storage after four or six months and assessed for fruit decay immediately afterwards and after two weeks at 20°C. Fruit quality parameters were recorded at the end of storage. On a three-year average, fruit stored in CA was less ripe at the end of storage. After both four and six months storage, CA reduced total decay (physiological disorders and fungal decay) by on average 70% and 45%, respectively, compared to storage in ambient air. Senescent breakdown was lower after CA storage for four months, but not after six months and not after simulated shelf life. Soft scald was lower when stored in CA both after cold storage at 1°C and simulated shelf life. After storage at 3°C there was lower incidence of soft scald when stored in CA after four months, but not after six months. For fungal fruit decay in general, there was no effect of low oxygen, however, 2% O₂ gave slightly less bitter rot (Colletotrichum acutatum) than 1% O₂ and significantly less than ambient air after simulated shelf life. Averaged over all oxygen levels, 1°C gave significantly less bitter rot than 3°C. It may be concluded that use of CA for storage of ‘Aroma’ is a good way of reducing development of physiological disorders. However, development of bitter rot seemed to be more influenced by temperature and storage time than by low O₂.     

The Effect of Calcium Sprays and Fruit Thinning on Bitter Pit Incidence and Calcium Content in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple

‘Honeycrisp’ is a recently released cultivar of apple (Malus x domestica) developed by the University of Minnesota, now in high demand by growers and consumers. This cultivar is susceptible to bitter pit, especially when the trees are young and the fruit load is low. The effects of calcium (Ca) sprays, fruit thinning, vegetative growth, fruit and leaf nutrient concentration on bitter pit incidence, and two sampling methods for nutrient analysis were studied. Bitter pit incidence was associated with several variables, including Ca and phosphorus (P) concentrations in leaves and fruits, magnesium (Mg) concentration in leaves, and yield parameters. Fruit Ca concentration and content for the growing season were modeled, which allowed the determinations of Ca levels associated with bitter pit incidence. Our data suggest that plug analysis was less sensitive than fruit-segment analysis for finding differences in Ca concentrations.     

Start-Timing for Calcium Chloride Spray Programs Influences Fruit Calcium and Bitter Pit in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples

Early-season sprays of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) have been reported to sometimes be more effective than later-season sprays for controlling bitter pit in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). We conducted a two-year study examining the influence of start-timing of CaCl₂ spray programs on fruit Ca concentrations and at-harvest bitter pit incidence in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ apples in Washington State, USA. Six biweekly sprays of CaCl₂ were applied starting in mid-May (early-start), mid-June (mid-start, the normal commercial start timing), or mid-July (late-start) 2002 and 2003. Although leaf marginal necrosis occurred in all of the CaCl₂-treated plots, no spray damage on fruit was observed. All of the CaCl₂ spray treatments consistently reduced bitter pit incidence relative to the unsprayed control treatment and usually but not always increased the Ca concentration of subdermal cortical tissue at harvest. The early and mid-start spray programs produced lower bitter pit incidence than the late-start program in only one of four situations. Fruit Ca concentrations in the control and early-start spray program did not differ. Fruit Ca concentrations in the mid- and late-start spray programs were not different, and often were higher than that of the early-start spray program. Bitter pit incidence for each cultivar was inversely related to fruit Ca concentration. Substituting cortical Ca/potassium (K) or Ca/magnesium (Mg) concentration ratios for Ca concentration failed to substantially improve and usually degraded the correlations with bitter pit incidence. The results confirm that starting CaCl₂ spray programs in June sometimes is more effective at controlling bitter pit that delaying the start of the spray program until July. The later season sprays tend to be more effective at increasing fruit Ca concentration. There appears to be no detectable advantage for starting spray programs earlier than June. Applying CaCl₂ sprays throughout the growing season, starting sometime in June, appears to be the most economical and effective spray management practice for maximizing fruit Ca and minimizing risk of bitter pit development.     

苹果SUPERMAN类蛋白家族的基因克隆与生物信息学分析

SUPERMAN 类基因是植物生长发育中的重要转录因子。为了揭示苹果 SUPERMAN 类蛋白家族的生理基因功能,本研究以富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv. Fuji)为试材,利用 RT-PCR 方法和锚定PCR 方法克隆了 MdLIFa(GenBank 登录号 HM370493)和启动子序列,利用特异引物 PCR 方法克隆了苹果基因组中其余 11 个 SUPERMAN 类基因。12 个基因命名为 MdLIFa/MdLIFb (GenBank 登录号:HQ260429)、MdSUP1a (HQ418477)/MdSUP1b (HQ418478)、MdSUP4 (HQ418475)/MdSUP12 (HQ418476)、MdSUP5a (HQ418469)/MdSUP13b (HQ418470)、MdSUP9a (HQ418473)/MdSUP9b (HQ418474) 和 MdSUP5b(HQ418471)/MdSUP13a(HQ418472),分别位于 11/3、1/1、4/12、5/13、9/ 未知和 5/13 号染色体,每对基因间的同源性均在86%以上。通过基因枪法轰击洋葱(Allium cepa)表皮细胞,基因瞬时表达证明 MdLIFa 定位于细胞核内。MdLIFa 基因启动子序列中含有多个参与花粉发育、根特异性表达、与光诱导和 Dof 单锌指基因家族作用的调控元件等。系统进化分析表明,MdLIFa/b、MdSUP9a/9b 和 MdSUP5a/13b、以及MdSUP1a/b、MdSUP5b/MdSUP13a和 MdSUP4/12 分别聚类为一组,参与植株的形态建成和花器官发育。苹果 12 个 SUPERMAN 类基因成对高度同源,具有生物学功能的多样性,为深入的基因鉴定和遗传转化提供有用信息。     

木霉菌对苹果主要真菌病害的抑制及其在土壤中的定殖作用

以胶东半岛老的果园中土壤为试材,采用逐步稀释法,涂平板于孟加拉红培养基中,根据形态和分子方法鉴定分离木霉菌。分离出的木霉菌与苹果主要病害对峙培养在不同pH的培养基上,观察不同pH条件下,对真菌病害的抑制效果。土壤有机质和pH是目前胶东果园的主要问题,采用正交法设计,研究了不同的土壤条件对木霉菌生长的影响。结果表明:在不同pH条件下,木霉菌抑制苹果病原真菌的效果不同,木霉菌在不同的pH条件下对腐烂病(Valsa mali)和炭疽病(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)均可以抑制,但对轮纹病(Physalospora piricola Nose)只有在pH 6.0时没有效果外,其它pH时都对轮纹病有抑制作用。在土壤pH 6.5和土壤有机质含量为75 g·kg^-1时,最有利于木霉菌定殖。同时还发现木霉菌对土壤的pH具有调节作用,无论在碱性条件下,还是酸性条件下,均可以使土壤pH趋于中性,另外木霉菌可以增加土壤有机质含量,特别是在高土壤有机质含量的情况下,增加更加显著。总之,分离出的木霉菌对苹果腐烂病、炭疽病和轮纹病抑制效果好。土壤pH和有机质含量对木霉菌的生长有影响,高土壤有机质含量和中性土壤有利于木霉菌定殖。另外,木霉菌能有效地改良土壤有机质含量和土壤pH。     

The effects of apple dwarfing rootstocks on leaf nutrient element composition in stoolbed production

The nutritional status of 22 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) dwarfing rootstocks, with varied degrees of dwarfing, was evaluated during stoolbed production in 1983 and 1984. Rootstock effects were observed for all leaf nutrient elements studied except Cu. Except for EMLA 27, leaf N levels were generally highest in dwarfing EMLA and Polish series and lowest on vigorous MAC and EMLA rootstocks. Relatively few significant differences were found in leaf P and K content among rootstocks. Foliar Ca and Mg concentrations were generally highest on Polish and Budagovski rootstocks and lowest on EMLA 111. Leaf B levels on vigorous and semi‐dwarfing EMLA rootstocks and Fe levels in MAC, Polish, and Budagovski series were considerably higher than on other rootstocks. Although significant differences were found in leaf Mn and Zn among rootstocks, no specific effect for rootstock vigor was observed for either element. Positive correlations between leaf Ca and Mg occurred in 17 rootstocks while negative correlations between N and Fe were observed in 21 rootstocks.     

Nomenclature and genetic relationships of apples and pears from Terceira Island

Heritage apple (Malus domestica Borkh. hybrids) and pear (Pyrus communis L. hybrid) trees grow in villages throughout Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Some of these pears have different names but similar morphology. The objective of this study was to determine synonymy, homology, and phylogeny of apples and pears from Terceira and to examine potential relationships of the island pears with standard apples and pears of Portuguese or American descent. Nine apple microsatellite markers were used to determine genetic relationships. Distance- and parsimony-based cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into separate apple and pear clades. The Terceira apples were divided into two clades: the maçā and the reineta-reinette. Among the 17 heritage apple genotypes, seven unique accessions were identified and four groups of synonyms, or possibly clones, were detected including: ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares; ‘Reineta Castanha’ and ‘Reineta Verde Miuda’; ‘Maçā Pêra,’ ‘Maçā Calhau’, ‘Pêro Branco’ from Salga and from Terra-Chā and ‘Maçā Marmelo’; and the five genotypes ‘Maçā Sao Joao’, ‘Malápio Rosa’, ‘Maçā Gaspar’, ‘Maçā Branca’ and ‘Maçā Pato’. In addition, two homonyms were detected. ‘Pêro Vermelho’ from Terra Chā was a separate genotype from a tree from Doze Ribeiras of the same name, but Pêro Branco from Terra Chā appears to be a clone that can be distinguished by an additional allele at CH1F07a from a tree with that name from Salga. One pair of apple clones, ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares appear to be derived from an unreduced gamete of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Another apple genotype ‘Maçā Acida’ could be a sibling of the ‘Maçā Pêra’ clonal group. Other tested standard apples from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Of the seven heritage pears, five unique genotypes and one pair of synonyms were detected. ‘Pêra Papo Pintassilgo’ from Raminho and ‘Pêra Vermelha’ from the nursery of Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agario da Terceira (SDAT) were synonyms. ‘Passans du Portugal’ was related to ‘Pêra Cabaca’ but other standard pears from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Future studies will include additional apple and pear cultivars from other Islands of the Azores and continental Portugal, and wild Asian species to further explore genetic relationships.