Girdling and summer pruning in apple increase soil respiration

The root system of plants derives all its energy from photosynthate translocated from the canopy to the root system. Canopy manipulations that alter either the rate of canopy photosynthesis or the translocation of photosynthate are expected to alter dry matter partitioning to the root system. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of trunk girdling (2008 and 2009) and summer pruning (2009) on soil respiration, maximum quantum yield efficiency of photosystem II and leaf carbohydrate content. In apple trees, following trunk girdling there was increased soil respiration in association with a significant rainfall event suggesting rapid release of organic matter and subsequent microbial decomposition of the carbon. Soil respiration rates returned to baseline levels over time. Reduction in midday maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (RPSII) was increased by girdling when crop load was low and this reduction was not related to leaf carbohydrate levels. Girdling reduced leaf sucrose and sorbitol levels in both years, however, total leaf carbohydrates were not affected by girdling. Summer pruning increased soil respiration within 2 weeks of treatment in association with a significant rainfall event, also suggesting a release of organic matter and microbial decomposition of the carbon. Cultural practices that severely affect canopy sink source relationships such as girdling and summer pruning increase soil respiration, however these effects appear to be very short lived, 3–10 days, followed by recovery of the soil/root system to similar levels of soil carbon dioxide efflux. These cultural practices do not likely pose a long-term detrimental effect on root system efficiency because the effects are of short duration with apparent recovery.     

'霍巴'海棠组培快繁技术研究

以‘霍巴’海棠(Malus‘Hopa’)的茎尖和带腋芽的幼嫩茎段为外植体,建立了比较高效的‘霍巴’海棠组培快繁体系。结果表明:‘霍巴’海棠茎尖及茎段外植体在MS+6-BA0.1mg/L+IAA 0.2mg/L+3%蔗糖+0.48%琼脂(pH 5.8)培养基上生长状况较好;将其组培苗在WPM+6-BA 0.5mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L+ZT 0.01mg/L+3%蔗糖+0.48%琼脂(pH 5.8)培养基上继代培养40d左右,继代增殖系数均可达到3.0左右;再经1/2 WPM+NAA0.8mg/L+1.5%蔗糖+0.48%琼脂(pH 5.8)培养基生根壮苗后,移栽成活率可达97.5%。     

Effects of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Vegetative Growth and Mineral Element Composition in Leaves of Apple

Evaluations of vegetative growth and leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) were made of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. Granny Smith, Gala, and Golab) grown with five treatments of NO₃^?:NH₄⁺ ratios in pot culture. The concentrations of NO₃^?:NH₄⁺ ratios were 2.5:0.1, 6:0.3, 6:0.5, 6:0.7, and 6: 1 meq L^?1. Regression analysis showed that growth parameters of main stems and branches were not affected by increases of NH₄⁺ in the ratios. Granny Smith, Gala, and Golab differed in some of these parameters. Concentrations of N and Fe increased as NH₄⁺ increased, whereas K and Ca decreased and Mg was not affected significantly. Generally, the treatment of 2.5:0.1 produced leaves with lower N but higher K, Ca, and Mg concentrations than the other treatments. This research showed that vegetative growth was not affected by NH₄⁺ concentration whereas elemental composition was affected.     

“特丽”海棠在武汉地区的引种表现

2005年从郑州果树研究所引进特丽,在武汉地区试栽观察,通过适应性观察和观赏性评价,特丽海棠在武汉地区栽培具有广阔的前景。     

Analysis of a Secreted Aspartic Peptidase Disruption Mutant of Glomerella cingulata

Peptidases have been implicated in the pathogenicity of fungi that cause disease in plants. Expression of the secreted aspartic peptidase gene (gcsap), of a Glomerella cingulata isolate pathogenic on apples, is induced during appressorium formation. To determine whether the secreted aspartic peptidase (GcSAP) is essential to pathogenicity, gcsap was disrupted using a vector containing a 637 bp fragment of genomic DNA that encodes the sequence spanning the two active site aspartic acid (Asp) residues. To ensure that the truncated gcsap gene products could not have residual peptidase activity the codons for the active site residues Asp¹¹² and Asp²⁹⁷ were both mutated to histidine residues. Both PCR and Southern analysis confirmed disruption of gcsap. Neither gcsap mRNA nor GcSAP activity was detected in the disruption mutant. Pathogenicity tests on fruit from three apple cultivars showed that GcSAP was not required for pathogenicity. The disruption mutant grew on medium containing protein as the sole source of nitrogen because G. cingulata secretes a previously undetected peptidase(s). A serine peptidase that had a pH optimum between pH 7.0 and 8.0 and a K _m of 0.25 mM for the synthetic substrate succinyl-Ala–Ala–Pro–Phe-p-nitroanilide was identified.     

干旱胁迫诱导新疆野苹果细胞程序性死亡的细胞形态学研究

用聚乙二醇(Polyethylene glycol,PEG6000)处理新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii(Ledeb)Roem.)幼苗。通过对其叶片及根系中各细胞器的超微结构分析发现,干旱胁迫能诱导新疆野苹果发生细胞程序性死亡,并具有以下特点:随着干旱处理时间的延长,根系中各细胞器形态结构发生变化的时间普遍早于叶片;同是叶片,海绵组织中各细胞器形态结构发生变化的时间早于栅栏组织;同是根系,皮层细胞中各细胞器形态结构变化的时间普遍早于中柱细胞。     

苹果连作土壤加入酒糟可减轻连作障碍

在盆栽条件下,研究了啤酒糟和白酒糟对连作平邑甜茶幼苗生长及其连作土壤中微生物的影响。结果表明,连作土壤添加酒糟可显著提高平邑甜茶幼苗株高、干样质量、鲜样质量等生物量指标。添加酒糟后土壤中细菌、真菌数量与连作土对照相比也有明显提升。通过聚类分析、主成成分分析和多样性分析发现,加入酒糟后土壤中微生物群落结构发生明显变化,且不同酒糟类型和不同酒糟处理方式造成微生物的群落结构不同;由于酒糟自身携带及灭菌酒糟在土壤中滋生的微生物,促使土壤中优势种群的出现,改变了土壤中微生物群落的多样性指数和丰富度指数。对土壤中的层出镰孢菌(Fusarium proliferatum)进行实时荧光定量分析显示,与连作土壤对照中的层出镰孢菌基因拷贝数相比,啤酒糟、白酒糟、灭菌啤酒糟和灭菌白酒糟处理分别降低了39.1%、58.1%、20.9%和39.2%,酒糟灭菌后减弱了对有害菌层出镰孢菌的抑制作用。综上,苹果连作土壤中加入酒糟后,改变了土壤中微生物的群落结构,降低了有害真菌的数量,减轻了苹果连作障碍现象,其中白酒糟效果更好。     

糖在苹果果实中卸载机制的研究

在建立了活体研究苹果果实糖卸载体系－“卸载穴技术”的基础上,对金冠苹果果实糖迅速积累期糖卸载的生理机制进行了研究。１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＰＣＭＢＳ,１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＤＮＰ,１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＥＢ和８００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｂｅｔａｉｎｅ明显抑制苹果果实糖的卸载,１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＡＢＡ,５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＥＧＴＡ和５０／Ｌ ＮＯ＾－３明显促进苹果果实糖的卸载。     

土壤转换对二年生平邑甜茶根系发生与功能的影响

以2年生平邑茶为试材研究表明：土壤转换后,根系的发生与功能有所改变,由粘壤土转入沙壤土的根系吸收表面积、分泌H^ 速率和吸收NO3^-速率比由沙壤土转入粘壤土的高,但均比未处理植株低;前者新根量大,生长势强,分布广,后者的吸收根大量死亡。。     

广西野生毛葡萄种质资源性状评价

为了解决生产上低产不稳产和种质创新问题,2003年至2008年,对来自广西各地的124份野生毛葡萄种质进行结实和果实等性状调查和检验分析,主要性状为：萌芽期为4月12日,开花期为5月22日,成熟期为9月4日;萌芽率44.8%,变异幅度为15%~100%;结果枝率71.7%,变异幅度为12.5%~100%;每结果枝穗数2.2穗,变异幅度为1.2~4.1穗;坐果率27.1%,变异幅度为7.1%~56.1%;单穗重84.8 g,变异幅度为13.6~296.6 g;单果重1.5 g,变异幅度为0.8~2.8 g;可溶性固形物12.3%,变异幅度为9.3%~16.5%;有种子3.3粒,变异幅度为1.8~4.2粒;出汁率71.6%,变异幅度为63.4%~80.1%;水溶性总糖11.70 g/100mL,变异幅度为6.08~18.11 g/100mL;总酸2.05 g/100mL,变异幅度为1.10~3.14 g/100mL;单宁0.27 g/100mL,变异幅度为0.09~0.64 g/100mL;维生素C 0.67 mg/100mL,氨基酸总量315.6 mg/100mL。收集到综合性状优良的两性花原生种质。