不同浓度IBA和扦插深度对桉树嫩枝扦插的影响

采用随机区组试验,研究了不同浓度IBA和扦插深度对桉树嫩枝扦插成活的影响。结果表明,不同浓度IBA对桉树扦插成活有显著影响,以4 000mg·L-1IBA速蘸嫩枝扦插效果最好,生根率达到了92.23%;不同扦插深度对桉树生根率有显著影响,以扦插深度为4cm时效果最佳,生根率达到了86.19%。     

干旱胁迫下新源1号新疆野苹果抑制性差减文库的构建与初步分析

为分离和鉴定新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii Roem.)根组织干旱胁迫条件下差异表达的基因,以苗龄为3个月的新源1号新疆野苹果水培苗为材料,应用20%PEG 6000溶液处理模拟干旱胁迫,利用抑制性差减杂交(SSH)的方法构建了新疆野苹果根组织干旱胁迫诱导表达差减文库(正库)和抑制表达差减文库(反库).正库和反库随机各挑菌500个,菌落PCR显示插入片段在250~1000 bp之间.测序鉴定后共得到268个有效UniESTs.经Blastx和Blastn等生物信息学方法分析表明全部的UniESTs按可能的生物学功能可被分为16个大类,包括新陈代谢、能量、转录、蛋白质合成、蛋白质修饰降解、DNA加工、细胞信号转导等.     

Postharvest changes in pigment concentrations in ‘Fuji’ apples with ‘Fuji’ stain

’Fuji’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh cv. ‘Fuji’) sometimes develop a discolouration in the peel during cold storage, typically in the periphery of sunburned peel. We refer to this particular postharvest disorder as ‘Fuji’ stain as we have not observed it in any cultivar other than ‘Fuji’ and the discolouration looks like a stain on the peel. Because peel discolouration occurs, peel pigments are thought to be involved. Hence the concentrations of anthocyanins, epicatechin, quercetin glycosides, chlorogenic acid, chlorophylls, and carotenoids in peel disks taken from areas exhibiting ‘Fuji’ stain were compared to concentrations observed in peel disks not exhibiting ‘Fuji’ stain. In 2005, peel from sunburned apples exhibiting ‘Fuji’ stain was compared to peel from three areas of sunburned apples not exhibiting stain [i.e. sunburned peel, the area around the sunburned peel (halo), and the area around the halo (OH)]. Additionally, stained peel was compared to the sun-exposed side of non-stained non-sunburned apples (NSNB). The second year, 2006, we compared stained peel to NSNB peel and the area outside the stained area (OS) on those fruit with stain. The concentrations of idaein, epicatechin, and quercetin glycosides were consistently low in the stained peel both years. This is in contrast to our earlier studies in which sunburned ‘Fuji’ apples had high concentrations of quercetin glycosides and epicatechin and low concentrations of idaein, and non-sunburned apples had low concentrations of quercetin glycosides and epicatechin and high concentrations of idaein. The consistent and unique characteristic of stained peel reported here indicates an association of these compounds with the incidence of stain. In 2005, chlorogenic acid concentrations in the stain peel were lower than other peel types, but in 2006 they were higher. Differences in chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were observed among many of the peel types. However, there is not a clear association between stain development and changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations due to significant differences not being observed in both years. While our research provides insight into pigment changes associated with ‘Fuji’ stain formation, more work is needed to help clarify the inconsistencies observed between the 2 years.     

微波辅助-顶空固相微萃取法分析大叶桉叶片挥发油化学成分

[目的]快速分析贵州产大叶桉叶片中挥发油化学成分。[方法]应用微波辅助-顶空固相微萃取法提取大叶桉叶片挥发油,同时应用气相色谱-质谱法结合色谱保留指数法对化学成分进行定性定量分析。[结果]在大叶桉叶片中确定出35个组分,其相对含量分数占挥发油总质量的98.840%,主要成分是桉油精（35.480%）、[1aR-（1a.α.,4a.α.,7.α.,7a.β.,7b.α.）]-脱氢-1,1,7-三甲基-4-亚甲基-1氢-环丙[e]甘菊环（12.110%）、对-（孟）-1-烯-8-醇（7.966%）、α-蒎烯（6.187%）等组分。[结论]微波辅助-顶空固相微萃取法操作简便、快速,提取时间能够缩短到4.0min,整个分析周期在1.5h内完成,能够应用于植物挥发油化学成分的快速分析。     

几种木本园艺植物塑料袋内密封扦插试验

本文报道在食品保鲜袋内密封扦插桂花、樱花、甜樱桃和苹果的试验结果。当年生半木质化至完全木质化插条经生根促进剂处理后，密封扦插在食品保鲜袋内的湿润基质上，放置空旷处，夏秋高温季节晴天适度遮阴。结果表明，塑料袋内的温度较稳定，基质始终保持刚扦插时的湿润状态，插条叶片全部或部分保持饱满、挺立。插条一周左右即可产生愈伤组织，３─４周便可出根。尽管在几种材料上获得的生根率差异较大，但都成功地生了根。在以“峨嵋仙土”为扦插基质，６月份晴天１０：００─１７：００时遮阴的条件下，樱花的生根率达７０％以上。     

木霉菌对苹果主要真菌病害的抑制及其在土壤中的定殖作用

以胶东半岛老的果园中土壤为试材,采用逐步稀释法,涂平板于孟加拉红培养基中,根据形态和分子方法鉴定分离木霉菌。分离出的木霉菌与苹果主要病害对峙培养在不同pH的培养基上,观察不同pH条件下,对真菌病害的抑制效果。土壤有机质和pH是目前胶东果园的主要问题,采用正交法设计,研究了不同的土壤条件对木霉菌生长的影响。结果表明:在不同pH条件下,木霉菌抑制苹果病原真菌的效果不同,木霉菌在不同的pH条件下对腐烂病(Valsa mali)和炭疽病(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)均可以抑制,但对轮纹病(Physalospora piricola Nose)只有在pH 6.0时没有效果外,其它pH时都对轮纹病有抑制作用。在土壤pH 6.5和土壤有机质含量为75 g·kg^-1时,最有利于木霉菌定殖。同时还发现木霉菌对土壤的pH具有调节作用,无论在碱性条件下,还是酸性条件下,均可以使土壤pH趋于中性,另外木霉菌可以增加土壤有机质含量,特别是在高土壤有机质含量的情况下,增加更加显著。总之,分离出的木霉菌对苹果腐烂病、炭疽病和轮纹病抑制效果好。土壤pH和有机质含量对木霉菌的生长有影响,高土壤有机质含量和中性土壤有利于木霉菌定殖。另外,木霉菌能有效地改良土壤有机质含量和土壤pH。     

苹果属植物无融合生殖特性——文献综述

介绍了国内外苹果属中无融合生殖种类;综述了国内外学者对这些种无融合生殖特性的研究成果，包括兼性无融合生殖习性、无性胚形成方式、遗传方式、染色体倍性和同工酶表现；简述了无融合生殖在科研及生产的应用现状和潜力。     

世界苹果属植物的起源演化研究新进展

引用了瓦维诺夫Ｎ．Ｉ．Ｖａｖｉｌｏｖ,兰格菲尔德Ｖ．Ｔ．Ｌａｎｇｅｎｆｅｌｄ,斯泰司Ｃ．Ａ．Ｓｔａｃｅ 及俞德浚等关于苹果属等植物种、属起源和演化的学说,结合作者对世界苹果属植物今昔的自然分布和分类的研究工作,论证了世界苹果属植物的起源演化的中心位于中国的西南四川、云南、贵州三省。但不是苹果属的祖先种皆起源于该地或亚洲东南的亚热带地区,有不少种是直接起源于今天的北温带—它们过去在第三纪曾经有过亚热带气候。作者认为兰格菲尔德所作关于苹果属植物起源演化的系统发育树图谱中的六个分枝,都是指的次生遗传基因中心,而苹果属植物的初生遗传多样化中心是与其近缘的花揪属、梨属和山楂属相融合的。由于苹果属现代大多数的种都集中在中国西南云、贵、川三省,其中含有古老的多胜海棠等种类,因此将该地区视为苹果属的初生基因中心,是符合Ｃ．Ａ．Ｓｔａｃｅ 和Ｖ．Ｔ．Ｌａｎｇｅｎｆｅｌｄ 关于属的起源中心定位学说的,但苹果属古代的起源中心位置是否与现代起源中心位置相符,值得再行研究     

供铁水平对不同苹果基因型生长及根系特性的影响

以小金海棠 (MalusxiaojinensisChengetJiang)和山定子 (MalusbaccataL .Borkh)为试材 ,研究供铁水平对其生长及根系特性的影响 ,结果表明 ,在幼苗生长量、新叶叶绿素含量、营养液pH日变化、根系活力、根系ATP酶活性诸方面 ,存在基因型差异。同一供铁水平 ,小金海棠有明显的铁胁迫反应 ,而山定子铁胁迫反应较弱。低铁胁迫处理 ,小金海棠叶片叶绿素含量、根系活力、根系ATP酶活性皆明显高于山定子。根系活力及根系ATP酶活性可用作铁高效基因型植物的筛选指标     

Identification of PCR-based markers linked to the powdery-mildew-resistance gene Pl1 from Malus robusta in cultivated apple

The availability of molecular markers linked to mildew resistance genes would enhance the efficiency of apple-breeding programmes. This investigation focuses on the identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the Pl₁ gene for mildew resistance, which has introgressed from Malus robusta into cultivated apples. The RAPD marker technique was combined with a modified ‘bulked seg-regant analysis’ mapping strategy. About 850 random decamer primers used as single primers or in combinations were tested by PCR analysis on the basis of resistant and susceptible DNA pools. Selected primers producing RAPD fragments were applied in an additional selection step to M. robusta and genotypes representing intermediate breeding stages of the breeding population 93/9, for which a 1:1 segregation could be observed for the resistance trait. Seven RAPD markers, all representing introgressed DNA sequences from M. robusta, were identified and arranged with the Pl₁ locus in a common linkage group. The two most tightly-linked RAPD markers, OPAT20₄₅₀ and OPD2₁₀₀₀ were mapped with a genetic distance of 4.5 and 5 cM, respectively, from the Pl₁ gene. Both markers are suitable for marker-assisted selection in apple breeding. The polymorphic DNA fragment OPAT20₄₅₀ was cloned and sequenced, and longer primers for the generation of a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker have been constructed; this marker was easier to score than the original RAPD marker.