红富士苹果芽变系DNA甲基化研究

以35份富士苹果(Malus×domestica Borkh.‘Fuji’)芽变材料为试材,利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism,MSAP)分析和UPGMA聚类方法,对其基因组甲基化修饰水平、变异模式以及表观遗传变异关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同富士系得到不同的MSAP扩增,总DNA甲基化水平27.90%～36.16%,平均32.87%,双链全甲基化为主要甲基化方式;(2)富士芽变材料绝大多数位点保持了原有甲基化模式;(3)绝大多数芽变(68.57%)检测到全部的甲基化变异模式(12种),去甲基化频率极显著高于甲基化频率(P <0.01),且CG去甲基化极显著高于CHG;(4)36份种质遗传相似系数平均值0.89(0.79～0.92),在聚类图上,富士原种分布在芽变系集中区外,新近发生的芽变系更倾向于聚在一起,着色系片红型和条红型芽变呈分散排布状态。总的来看,富士芽变的甲基化变异模式丰富,超甲基化和去甲基化相伴发生,但以去甲基化为主;‘富士’着色芽变与其最原始品种富士,以及芽变之间发生了较大表观遗传变异;片红和条红型芽变聚类未表现明显偏好性。本研究将为进一步开展富士着色系芽变机理研究提供指导,可以CG去甲基化为切入点展开深入研究。     

施用保水剂对4种绿化植物叶片结构和功能性状的影响

与CK相比,施用保水剂对‘紫花’海棠、乌桕、红叶石楠、梓树叶片的结构性状（叶面积、叶绿素含量、比叶面积、气孔导度）和功能性状（光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率）均有显著影响。4 种供试植物在高温干旱环境下,0.1%用量保水剂能显著改善叶片结构和功能性状。而随保水剂用量的继续增加,4 种植物的叶性状变化趋势并不一致,其中在0.2%保水剂用量下,红叶石楠和梓树叶面积、叶绿素含量、比叶面积、气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率继续显著高于CK或0.1%用量,在0.3%用量下,2 种植物上述指标大多接近于0.2%用量,而‘紫花’海棠和乌桕在0.2%~0.3%用量下已显著下降到接近CK水平。这表明,红叶石楠和梓树比‘紫花’海棠和乌桕较能适应水分较多的环境。而‘紫花’海棠和乌桕水分利用效率在CK条件下显著增大,则表明两者较能适应干旱环境。4 种植物比叶面积在CK和不同保水剂用量下的显著变化表现出适宜水分条件下植物获取资源促进生长的能力和水分胁迫下的适应性。     

Soil fumigation and compost amendment alter soil microbial community composition but do not improve tree growth or yield in an apple replant site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disease complex that reduces survival, growth and yield of replanted trees, and is often encountered in establishing new orchards on old sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been the fumigant used most widely to control ARD, but alternatives to MB and cultural methods of control are needed. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of soil microbial communities and tree growth and yield to three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and use of five clonal rootstock genotypes (M.7, M.26, CG.6210, G.30 and G.16), in an apple replant site in Ithaca, New York. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess changes in the community composition of bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil 8, 10, 18 and 22 months after trees were replanted. PCR-DGGE was also used to compare the community composition of bacteria, fungi and pseudomonads in untreated rhizosphere soil of the five rootstock genotypes 31 months after planting. Tree caliper and extension growth were measured annually in November from 2002 to 2004. Apple yield data were recorded in 2004, the first fruiting year after planting. Trees on CG.6210 rootstocks had the most growth and highest yield, while trees on M.26 rootstocks had the least growth and lowest yield. Tree growth and yield were not affected by pre-plant soil treatment except for lateral extension growth, which was longer in trees growing in compost-treated soil in 2003 as compared to those in the fumigation treatment. Bulk soil bacterial PCR-DGGE fingerprints differed strongly among the different soil treatments 1 year after their application, with the fingerprints derived from each pre-plant soil treatment clustering separately in a hierarchical cluster analysis. However, the differences in bacterial communities between the soil treatments diminished during the second year after planting. Soil fungal communities converged more rapidly than bacterial communities, with no discernable pattern related to pre-plant soil treatments 10 months after replanting. Changes in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities in response to soil treatments had no obvious correlation with tree performance. On the other hand, rootstock genotypes modified their rhizosphere environments which differed significantly in their bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal and oomycete communities. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprints of fungal and pseudomonad rhizosphere community DNA revealed two distinct clusters. For both analyses, soil sampled from the rhizosphere of the two higher yielding rootstock genotypes clustered together, while the lower yielding rootstock genotypes also clustered together. These results suggest that the fungal and pseudomonad communities that have developed in the rhizosphere of the different rootstock genotypes may be one factor influencing tree growth and yield at this apple replant site.     

库尔勒香梨光合特性的研究

以库尔勒香梨为试材,对其光合特性进行研究,旨在为干旱地区梨树丰产优质栽培提供理论参考。结果表明:香梨外围叶片和内膛叶片净光合速率日变化均为双峰曲线,有“午休”现象,外围叶片Pn日变化在13:00和16:00出现高峰,内膛叶片Pn日变化高峰出现在13:00和15:00;外围叶片净光合速率明显高于内膛叶片。净光合速率的年周期变化为双峰曲线,峰值出现在6月和8月;香梨外围叶片的光饱和点为1 550μmol/(m2.s),光补偿点为51.1μmol/(m2.s),属喜光果树。香梨气孔导度总体呈单峰曲线变化,最高峰值出现11:00,外围叶片气孔导度(Cs)大于内膛叶片。蒸腾速率13:00达到最高峰,单峰曲线变化。     

基于叶绿体DNA分析的楸子种质遗传多样性研究

利用4对叶绿体DNA引物扩增49份楸子[Malus prunifolia（Willd.）Borkh.]种质资源的4个叶绿体DNA基因间区trnH-psbA、trnS-trnG spacer + intron、trnT-5′trnL和5′trnL-trnF序列,基于4个叶绿体DNA基因间区的序列变异,从母系遗传的角度评价楸子的遗传多样性水平。结果显示：4个叶绿体DNA基因间区序列经测序、拼接、比对和合并之后的片段长度为3 790 bp,共有173个多态性变异位点,其中包含2个单一突变位点、20个简约信息位点和151个插入/缺失位点。在49份楸子种质中,trnH-psbA、trnS-trnG spacer + intron、trnT-5′trnL和5′trnL-trnF区域的变异位点的数量分别为26个、25个、120个和2个,单倍型数量分别为9个、7个、8个和3个,合并之后的叶绿体DNA片段的单倍型有14个。核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性最高的区域均为trnH-psbA（Hd = 0.775,Pi = 0.02143）,最低的为5′trnL-trnF（Hd = 0.481,Pi = 0.00072）。49份楸子种质4个叶绿体DNA区域合并后的遗传多样性较高（Hd = 0.854,Pi = 0.00949）。Tajima’s D检验中,4个叶绿体DNA区域在P > 0.10水平上均不显著,楸子的4个叶绿体DNA区域在进化上遵循中性进化模型。楸子的遗传变异主要存在于群体内部,不同居群间基因交流频繁,多数居群间遗传分化较少,与地理距离不完全相关。     

1-MCP处理对“丽格”海棠果实采后生理及品质的影响

以"丽格"海棠果实为试材,研究经1.0μL/L的1-MCP处理后,室温(20±1)℃条件下贮藏的海棠果实品质和生理变化,并利用主成分对采后测定的各项生理指标进行分析。结果表明,与不加1-MCP的对照组相比,1-MCP处理可保持海棠果实硬度,抑制可溶性固形物(TSS)含量的升高,减缓VC含量的降低、果皮叶绿素的分解和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的下降,降低呼吸强度和乙烯生成速率,有效地延缓果实衰老,使海棠果更耐贮藏。主成分分析在特征值大于1时将经1-MCP处理后的海棠果实8个生理指标综合为2个因子,累积方差贡献率达到84.44%,其中第1主成分主要代表果肉硬度和叶绿素信息,第2主成分主要代表乙烯释放量信息。     

珠美海棠试管苗玻璃化发生机理的初步研究

该文研究了试验因子与珠美海棠（Ｍａｌｕｓｚｕｍｉ）玻璃苗发生的关系，并利用呼吸抑制剂探索了玻璃苗产生的机理．结果表明：玻璃苗产生与多种因子有关．当光呼吸途径和磷酸戍糖呼吸途径（ＨＭＰ）被抑制时，玻璃苗显著增加，初步认为是植物体内的呼吸代谢途径受阻所致     

有机物料对平邑甜茶实生苗光合特性的影响

试验结果表明,不同有机物料栽培的平邑甜菜（Malus hupenensis Rehd.)实生苗光合速率不同,鸡粪处理表现为植株生长前期叶片光合速率高于羊粪处理,生长后期则刚好相反,花生秧处理的光合速率整个生长季节均较低。夏季平邑甜茶光合作用有明显的午休现象,但不同处理引起午休的原则则不同,鸡粪处理主要为气孔限制,而羊粪和花生秧处理则为非气孔限制。在栽培介质脱水过程中,有机基质栽培的平邑甜茶叶片光合速率下限幅度远小于土壤栽培。     

观赏海棠愈伤组织的诱导与增殖

[目的]观赏海棠‘春雪’是一种广泛应用的观赏树木,主要进行无性繁殖.愈伤组织培养是植物进行无性繁殖的重要途径.[方法]以观赏海棠‘春雪’组培苗继代培养一个月后的叶片为材料,研究生长调节物质、温度、光照、放置方式以及不同外植体对其愈伤组织诱导及增殖的影响.[结果结论]试验结果表明,叶片正放暗培养10 d有利于愈伤组织的诱导,其中以添加NAA 2 mg/L,6-BA 0.5 mg/L的MS培养基对致密型愈伤组织的诱导效果较好,添加2,4-D 2 mg/L,6-BA 0.05 mg/L的MS培养基对疏松型愈伤组织的诱导效果较好.适宜致密型愈伤组织增殖的培养基为添加6-BA 4 mg/L,NAA 2 mg/L的MS培养基;适宜疏松型愈伤组织增殖的培养基为添加6-BA 0.01 mg/L,2,4-D 2 mg/L的MS培养基.碳氮浓度、光照及温度对两种愈伤组织增殖的影响各不相同.致密型愈伤组织在蔗糖质量浓度为70 g/L,NH4NO3质量浓度825 mg/L,光照时间24h,温度15℃时,愈伤组织的增殖量最大.疏松型愈伤组织在蔗糖质量浓度为30 g/L,NH4 NO3质量浓度3 300mg/L,光照时间16 h,温度26℃时,愈伤组织的增殖量最大.     

广西罗城毛葡萄多酚、黄酮和白藜芦醇的组成特性及其抗氧化活性研究

【目的】评价毛葡萄的营养与功能活性,为其综合开发利用提供理论参考。【方法】以2014年采自广西罗城的13个株系的毛葡萄为材料,采用有机溶剂浸提法从毛葡萄中提取多酚、黄酮和白藜芦醇等抗氧化活性物质,用比色法测定总多酚与总黄酮含量,用高效液相色谱法测定白藜芦醇含量,用DPPH、ABTS和还原力等方法分析其抗氧化活性。【结果】所选样品的多酚、黄酮、白藜芦醇含量及抗氧化活性在不同株系间存在较大差异,其中多酚含量为1.97~3.14mg/g,黄酮含量为0.41~1.35mg/g,白藜芦醇含量为0.75~8.81μg/g,抗氧化活性的DPPH自由基清除率为35.07%~89.34%,ABTS自由基清除率为17.86%~32.32%,还原力为1.21~2.32mg/g。【结论】广西毛葡萄含有丰富的多酚和黄酮类物质,抗氧化活性较高,具有很好的应用潜力。