Nomenclature and genetic relationships of apples and pears from Terceira Island

Heritage apple (Malus domestica Borkh. hybrids) and pear (Pyrus communis L. hybrid) trees grow in villages throughout Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Some of these pears have different names but similar morphology. The objective of this study was to determine synonymy, homology, and phylogeny of apples and pears from Terceira and to examine potential relationships of the island pears with standard apples and pears of Portuguese or American descent. Nine apple microsatellite markers were used to determine genetic relationships. Distance- and parsimony-based cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into separate apple and pear clades. The Terceira apples were divided into two clades: the maçā and the reineta-reinette. Among the 17 heritage apple genotypes, seven unique accessions were identified and four groups of synonyms, or possibly clones, were detected including: ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares; ‘Reineta Castanha’ and ‘Reineta Verde Miuda’; ‘Maçā Pêra,’ ‘Maçā Calhau’, ‘Pêro Branco’ from Salga and from Terra-Chā and ‘Maçā Marmelo’; and the five genotypes ‘Maçā Sao Joao’, ‘Malápio Rosa’, ‘Maçā Gaspar’, ‘Maçā Branca’ and ‘Maçā Pato’. In addition, two homonyms were detected. ‘Pêro Vermelho’ from Terra Chā was a separate genotype from a tree from Doze Ribeiras of the same name, but Pêro Branco from Terra Chā appears to be a clone that can be distinguished by an additional allele at CH1F07a from a tree with that name from Salga. One pair of apple clones, ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares appear to be derived from an unreduced gamete of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Another apple genotype ‘Maçā Acida’ could be a sibling of the ‘Maçā Pêra’ clonal group. Other tested standard apples from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Of the seven heritage pears, five unique genotypes and one pair of synonyms were detected. ‘Pêra Papo Pintassilgo’ from Raminho and ‘Pêra Vermelha’ from the nursery of Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agario da Terceira (SDAT) were synonyms. ‘Passans du Portugal’ was related to ‘Pêra Cabaca’ but other standard pears from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Future studies will include additional apple and pear cultivars from other Islands of the Azores and continental Portugal, and wild Asian species to further explore genetic relationships.     

基于叶绿体DNA分析的楸子种质遗传多样性研究

利用4对叶绿体DNA引物扩增49份楸子[Malus prunifolia（Willd.）Borkh.]种质资源的4个叶绿体DNA基因间区trnH-psbA、trnS-trnG spacer + intron、trnT-5′trnL和5′trnL-trnF序列,基于4个叶绿体DNA基因间区的序列变异,从母系遗传的角度评价楸子的遗传多样性水平。结果显示：4个叶绿体DNA基因间区序列经测序、拼接、比对和合并之后的片段长度为3 790 bp,共有173个多态性变异位点,其中包含2个单一突变位点、20个简约信息位点和151个插入/缺失位点。在49份楸子种质中,trnH-psbA、trnS-trnG spacer + intron、trnT-5′trnL和5′trnL-trnF区域的变异位点的数量分别为26个、25个、120个和2个,单倍型数量分别为9个、7个、8个和3个,合并之后的叶绿体DNA片段的单倍型有14个。核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性最高的区域均为trnH-psbA（Hd = 0.775,Pi = 0.02143）,最低的为5′trnL-trnF（Hd = 0.481,Pi = 0.00072）。49份楸子种质4个叶绿体DNA区域合并后的遗传多样性较高（Hd = 0.854,Pi = 0.00949）。Tajima’s D检验中,4个叶绿体DNA区域在P > 0.10水平上均不显著,楸子的4个叶绿体DNA区域在进化上遵循中性进化模型。楸子的遗传变异主要存在于群体内部,不同居群间基因交流频繁,多数居群间遗传分化较少,与地理距离不完全相关。     

Effects of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Vegetative Growth and Mineral Element Composition in Leaves of Apple

Evaluations of vegetative growth and leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) were made of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. Granny Smith, Gala, and Golab) grown with five treatments of NO₃^?:NH₄⁺ ratios in pot culture. The concentrations of NO₃^?:NH₄⁺ ratios were 2.5:0.1, 6:0.3, 6:0.5, 6:0.7, and 6: 1 meq L^?1. Regression analysis showed that growth parameters of main stems and branches were not affected by increases of NH₄⁺ in the ratios. Granny Smith, Gala, and Golab differed in some of these parameters. Concentrations of N and Fe increased as NH₄⁺ increased, whereas K and Ca decreased and Mg was not affected significantly. Generally, the treatment of 2.5:0.1 produced leaves with lower N but higher K, Ca, and Mg concentrations than the other treatments. This research showed that vegetative growth was not affected by NH₄⁺ concentration whereas elemental composition was affected.     

木霉菌对苹果主要真菌病害的抑制及其在土壤中的定殖作用

以胶东半岛老的果园中土壤为试材,采用逐步稀释法,涂平板于孟加拉红培养基中,根据形态和分子方法鉴定分离木霉菌。分离出的木霉菌与苹果主要病害对峙培养在不同pH的培养基上,观察不同pH条件下,对真菌病害的抑制效果。土壤有机质和pH是目前胶东果园的主要问题,采用正交法设计,研究了不同的土壤条件对木霉菌生长的影响。结果表明:在不同pH条件下,木霉菌抑制苹果病原真菌的效果不同,木霉菌在不同的pH条件下对腐烂病(Valsa mali)和炭疽病(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)均可以抑制,但对轮纹病(Physalospora piricola Nose)只有在pH 6.0时没有效果外,其它pH时都对轮纹病有抑制作用。在土壤pH 6.5和土壤有机质含量为75 g·kg^-1时,最有利于木霉菌定殖。同时还发现木霉菌对土壤的pH具有调节作用,无论在碱性条件下,还是酸性条件下,均可以使土壤pH趋于中性,另外木霉菌可以增加土壤有机质含量,特别是在高土壤有机质含量的情况下,增加更加显著。总之,分离出的木霉菌对苹果腐烂病、炭疽病和轮纹病抑制效果好。土壤pH和有机质含量对木霉菌的生长有影响,高土壤有机质含量和中性土壤有利于木霉菌定殖。另外,木霉菌能有效地改良土壤有机质含量和土壤pH。     

Effect of FE level and solution culture PH on severity of chlorosis and elemental content of apple seedlings

The development of chlorosis and subsequent growth of apple seedlings grown in solution cultures containing various levels of Fe under a range of solution pH regimes were examined. Initial solution pHs were 5.5, 6.5 and 7.8 respectively, with Fe levels of 0.0, 0.13 and 1.3 ppm in a 3x3 factorial arrangement. Leaf chlorosis increased with a decrease in Fe levels and with higher solution pH. Nutrient solutions were changed weekly and during each weekly cycle solution pH levels were monitored. Independent of Fe level, the lower the initial solution pH the greater the change in solution pH during each weekly cycle. Decreasing solution Fe levels decreased both leaf and root Fe concentrations but both parameters were relatively unaffected by solution pH suggesting a solution pH by Fe supply interaction at the root surface.     

饲料、温度及成蝇密度对家蝇产卵量的影响

本文研究了饲料、温度、成蝇密度对家蝇产卵量的影响，结果表明：用含有奶粉的饲料饲养幼虫或成蝇，家蝇产卵量最大。最适产卵温度是２４℃，产卵温域是１２．５～３５．３℃。每对平均产卵量与成蝇对数成负相关。群体最适产卵密度是１９４９８对／ｍ３。     

珠美海棠研究进展

珠美海棠抗逆性强,是改良利用盐碱地的优良资源,本文主要总结了其抗逆生理、繁殖、突变研究、分子标记、应用等方面的研究进展,并对今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

苹果S-SAP分子标记体系建立及应用

【目的】建立和优化苹果S-SAP分子标记体系,探讨应用S-SAP技术区分元帅芽变的可能性,为从DNA分子水平上对苹果芽变鉴定和利用奠定基础。【方法】利用富士、寒富和嘎啦初步建立S-SAP分析体系;根据谱带量和多态性等对32对引物组合进行筛选;从DNA酶切、PCR扩增、银染方法等角度对影响S-SAP反应的因子进行优化;利用6对多态性引物,对8个元帅芽变进行S-SAP分析,采用NTsys-pc2软件的SIMQUAL程序计算相似系数,UPGAM方法进行循环同化阶层聚类分析,并通过Treeplot程序生成聚类图。【结果】优化的苹果S-SAP分析体系为,改良CTAB法提取基因组总DNA;MseⅠ和PstⅠ双酶切基因组总DNA;Fermentas公司的TaqDNA聚合酶进行PCR扩增;6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分离选择性扩增产物;改良弱碱法银染检测差异片段。筛选出6个适宜苹果品种分析的S-SAP引物。发现LTRP1/Mtcc引物组合在元帅芽变分析中具有多态性,矮红、红星与新元帅等具有多态性位点,供试芽变资源的遗传相似系数在0.88—0.98之间,以相似系数0.93为标准,8个元帅芽变资源可分为4类。【结论】建立了基于Ty1-copia组反转录转座子的苹果S-SAP标记体系,筛选出了6个适宜苹果品种分析的S-SAP引物,利用LTRP1/Mtcc引物组合成功区分了元帅芽变。     

不同处理对湖北海棠种子萌发的影响

为提高海棠种子发芽率,以湖北海棠(Malus hupehensis)种子为研究对象,探讨了不同浓度GA3、磁场强度、温度及低温层积处理对湖北海棠种子萌发的影响。结果表明:(1)0.1%和0.05%浓度的GA3处理,播种后20d,湖北海常种子发芽率显著高于对照(P0.05),但各处理间差异不显著(P0.05),播种后30~40d,经0.1%GA3处理的种子发芽率显著高于0.05%GA3和对照组(P0.05),最高可达82.0%;(2)与对照组相比,磁场处理显著提高种子发芽率(P0.05),播种后20d,5 000GS处理的种子发芽率显著高于2 000GS和对照组(P0.05),最高可达92.5%,播种后30~40d,不同磁场强度处理的种子发芽率显著高于对照组(P0.05),最高达82.0%,但各处理间差异不显著(P0.05);(3)20℃和40℃温水浸泡24h处理后20~40d,种子发芽率显著高于对照组(P0.05),增幅最高达86.2%;(4)低温层积处理后30~60d,其发芽率显著高于对照组(P0.05),最高达41.7%。     

南天竹药学研究进展

在广泛文献检索的基础上,综述了南天竹资源、成分、药理、临床应用等方面的研究进展,为深入利用该药用资源植物提供依据。