Nomenclature and genetic relationships of apples and pears from Terceira Island

Heritage apple (Malus domestica Borkh. hybrids) and pear (Pyrus communis L. hybrid) trees grow in villages throughout Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Some of these pears have different names but similar morphology. The objective of this study was to determine synonymy, homology, and phylogeny of apples and pears from Terceira and to examine potential relationships of the island pears with standard apples and pears of Portuguese or American descent. Nine apple microsatellite markers were used to determine genetic relationships. Distance- and parsimony-based cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into separate apple and pear clades. The Terceira apples were divided into two clades: the maçā and the reineta-reinette. Among the 17 heritage apple genotypes, seven unique accessions were identified and four groups of synonyms, or possibly clones, were detected including: ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares; ‘Reineta Castanha’ and ‘Reineta Verde Miuda’; ‘Maçā Pêra,’ ‘Maçā Calhau’, ‘Pêro Branco’ from Salga and from Terra-Chā and ‘Maçā Marmelo’; and the five genotypes ‘Maçā Sao Joao’, ‘Malápio Rosa’, ‘Maçā Gaspar’, ‘Maçā Branca’ and ‘Maçā Pato’. In addition, two homonyms were detected. ‘Pêro Vermelho’ from Terra Chā was a separate genotype from a tree from Doze Ribeiras of the same name, but Pêro Branco from Terra Chā appears to be a clone that can be distinguished by an additional allele at CH1F07a from a tree with that name from Salga. One pair of apple clones, ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares appear to be derived from an unreduced gamete of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Another apple genotype ‘Maçā Acida’ could be a sibling of the ‘Maçā Pêra’ clonal group. Other tested standard apples from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Of the seven heritage pears, five unique genotypes and one pair of synonyms were detected. ‘Pêra Papo Pintassilgo’ from Raminho and ‘Pêra Vermelha’ from the nursery of Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agario da Terceira (SDAT) were synonyms. ‘Passans du Portugal’ was related to ‘Pêra Cabaca’ but other standard pears from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Future studies will include additional apple and pear cultivars from other Islands of the Azores and continental Portugal, and wild Asian species to further explore genetic relationships.     

Studies on the Antimicrobial Activity of Chitooligosaccharides from Housefly Larvae,Musca domestica vicina Macquart (Diptera:Muscidae)

The inhibition effect of chitooligosaccharides from housefly larvae on pathogens ofcrops seeds, fruits or vegetables was studied and the main factors influencing theantimicrobial activity of chitooligosaccharides were also investigated. It was foundthat chitooligosaccharides from housefly larvae had wide spectrum fungistasis. It canstrongly inhibit the development of 31 kinds of plant pathogenic fungi such as corticiumrolfsii Saccardo. The results indicated that the degree of deacelylation (DD) or theaverage molecular weight (MW) of chitooligosaccharides were related to the antimicrobialactivity. The antimicrobial activity increased with the rising of DD or the declining ofMW. Pot culture results showed that chitooligosaccharide could enhance the rate ofgermination and emergence of the seeds of maize, wheat and cotton. Chitooligosaccharidehad certain effect on corn southern leaf blight caused by Helminthosporium maydis.     

珠美海棠试管苗玻璃化发生机理的初步研究

该文研究了试验因子与珠美海棠（Ｍａｌｕｓｚｕｍｉ）玻璃苗发生的关系，并利用呼吸抑制剂探索了玻璃苗产生的机理．结果表明：玻璃苗产生与多种因子有关．当光呼吸途径和磷酸戍糖呼吸途径（ＨＭＰ）被抑制时，玻璃苗显著增加，初步认为是植物体内的呼吸代谢途径受阻所致     

有机物料对平邑甜茶实生苗光合特性的影响

试验结果表明,不同有机物料栽培的平邑甜菜（Malus hupenensis Rehd.)实生苗光合速率不同,鸡粪处理表现为植株生长前期叶片光合速率高于羊粪处理,生长后期则刚好相反,花生秧处理的光合速率整个生长季节均较低。夏季平邑甜茶光合作用有明显的午休现象,但不同处理引起午休的原则则不同,鸡粪处理主要为气孔限制,而羊粪和花生秧处理则为非气孔限制。在栽培介质脱水过程中,有机基质栽培的平邑甜茶叶片光合速率下限幅度远小于土壤栽培。     

正交设计法研究花锚药效成份的优化提取工艺

运用正交设计法研究了椭叶花锚中总黄酮的提取工艺,通过实验确定出了最佳的提取工艺条件。     

Control of insect pests using trunk injection in a newly established apple orchard

We evaluated the potential for using preplant trunk injections of emamectin benzoate in nonbearing apple trees. Trees were evaluated for pest injury and emamectin residues throughout the planting season and into the following year. Injections into the trunk best delivered emamectin benzoate to the canopy compared with injections into the taproot, and the higher rate reduced insect pests more than the lower rate. In the following year, differences in insect control between trunk and root injections were less pronounced, but the higher rate of emamectin benzoate persisted longer and better reduced pests relative to the other treatments.     

红富士苹果芽变系DNA甲基化研究

以35份富士苹果(Malus×domestica Borkh.‘Fuji’)芽变材料为试材,利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism,MSAP)分析和UPGMA聚类方法,对其基因组甲基化修饰水平、变异模式以及表观遗传变异关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同富士系得到不同的MSAP扩增,总DNA甲基化水平27.90%～36.16%,平均32.87%,双链全甲基化为主要甲基化方式;(2)富士芽变材料绝大多数位点保持了原有甲基化模式;(3)绝大多数芽变(68.57%)检测到全部的甲基化变异模式(12种),去甲基化频率极显著高于甲基化频率(P <0.01),且CG去甲基化极显著高于CHG;(4)36份种质遗传相似系数平均值0.89(0.79～0.92),在聚类图上,富士原种分布在芽变系集中区外,新近发生的芽变系更倾向于聚在一起,着色系片红型和条红型芽变呈分散排布状态。总的来看,富士芽变的甲基化变异模式丰富,超甲基化和去甲基化相伴发生,但以去甲基化为主;‘富士’着色芽变与其最原始品种富士,以及芽变之间发生了较大表观遗传变异;片红和条红型芽变聚类未表现明显偏好性。本研究将为进一步开展富士着色系芽变机理研究提供指导,可以CG去甲基化为切入点展开深入研究。     

苹果连作土壤加入酒糟可减轻连作障碍

在盆栽条件下,研究了啤酒糟和白酒糟对连作平邑甜茶幼苗生长及其连作土壤中微生物的影响。结果表明,连作土壤添加酒糟可显著提高平邑甜茶幼苗株高、干样质量、鲜样质量等生物量指标。添加酒糟后土壤中细菌、真菌数量与连作土对照相比也有明显提升。通过聚类分析、主成成分分析和多样性分析发现,加入酒糟后土壤中微生物群落结构发生明显变化,且不同酒糟类型和不同酒糟处理方式造成微生物的群落结构不同;由于酒糟自身携带及灭菌酒糟在土壤中滋生的微生物,促使土壤中优势种群的出现,改变了土壤中微生物群落的多样性指数和丰富度指数。对土壤中的层出镰孢菌(Fusarium proliferatum)进行实时荧光定量分析显示,与连作土壤对照中的层出镰孢菌基因拷贝数相比,啤酒糟、白酒糟、灭菌啤酒糟和灭菌白酒糟处理分别降低了39.1%、58.1%、20.9%和39.2%,酒糟灭菌后减弱了对有害菌层出镰孢菌的抑制作用。综上,苹果连作土壤中加入酒糟后,改变了土壤中微生物的群落结构,降低了有害真菌的数量,减轻了苹果连作障碍现象,其中白酒糟效果更好。     

苹果种质资源枝干轮纹病抗性评价

将田间自然发病抗性鉴定法与利用苹果轮纹病菌ZZ26人工接种枝条鉴定法相结合,对189份栽培种苹果种质资源进行了苹果轮纹病综合抗性鉴定,并根据抗病性鉴定结果对其进行抗病类型分类和评价。结果表明:不同苹果种质资源抗病性表现存在差异,但参试种质中未发现免疫种质。通过人工接种,189份苹果种质资源的抗病类型可分为:高抗(16个);中抗(75个);中感(81个);高感(17个)。通过田间调查,2012年得到抗病类型3种,即高抗(144个);中抗(44个);中感(1个)。2013年同样是3个抗病类型:高抗(14个);中抗(162个);中感(13个)。两年调查均无高感品种。2017年再次调查,结果显示田间调查与人工接种鉴定结果有随种植年限增加一致率逐渐提高的趋势,2012年为13.23%,2013年为38.62%,2017年则超过一半,达到57.14%。经过综合抗性筛选,最终得到表现一致性较好的高抗种质2份:北之幸和秦冠。     

Investigation and genetic mapping of a Glomerella leaf spot resistance locus in apple

Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is a severe fungal disease that damages apple leaves during the summer in China. Breeding new apple varieties that are resistant to the disease is considered the best way of controlling GLS. Fine mapping and tightly linked marker are critically essential for the preselection of resistant seedlings. In this study, a population of 207 F₁ individuals derived from a cross between ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ was used to construct a fine simple sequence repeat (SSR)‐based genetic linkage map. The position of R_gls, a locus responsible for resistance to GLS, was identified on apple linkage group (LG) 15 using SSR markers CH05g05 and CH01d08, which was adapted from a published set of 300 SSR markers that were developed using the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) method. These two SSR markers flanked the gene, and its recombination rate was 8.7% and 23.2%, respectively. A total of 276 newly developed SSR markers around the target region and designed from the genome apple assembly contig of LG15 were screened. Only nine of these were determined to be linked to the R_gls locus. Thus, a total of 11 SSR markers were in linkage with R_gls, and mapped at distances ranging from 0.5 to 33.8 cM. The closest marker to the R_gls locus was S0405127, which showed a genetic distance of approximately 0.5 cM. The first mapping of the gene R_gls was constructed, and the locations of the 11 effective primers in the ‘Golden Delicious’ apple genome sequence were anchored. This result facilitates better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the trait of resistance to GLS and could be used in improving the breeding efficiency of GLS‐resistant apple varieties.